Role Of Exim Bank Growth Of Foreign Trade Economics Essay

Role Of Exim Bank Growth Of Foreign Trade Economics Essay Introduction of Industry As we know that the ministry of commerce and Industry is the most important organ concerned with the promotion and regulation of foreign trade in India. The Ministry has an elaborate organizational set up to look after the various aspects of trade. Its two important offices concerned with trade are the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS). DGFT is responsible for implementing the Foreign Trade Policy/Exim Policy with the main objective of promoting Indian exports. It also issues licenses to exporters and monitors their corresponding obligations through a network of regional offices. DGCIS is entrusted with the work of collecting, compiling and publishing/ disseminating trade statistics and various types of commercial information required by the policy makers, researchers, importers, exporters, traders as well as overseas buyers. Directorate of Industries Commerce is charged with the responsibilities of facilitating industrial growth in the country by providing funding for Infrastructure in the form of industrial estates, incentives for capital Investment and other subsidies. It provides the entrepreneur, power, land and water, besides sanction of fiscal incentives. Foreign trade has played a crucial role in Indias economy growth. The composition and direction of Indias foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, particularly, after the liberalization process which began in the early 1990s. Our major exports now includes manufacturing goods such as Engineering Goods, Petroleum Products, Chemicals Related Products, Gems Jewellery, Textiles, Electronic Goods, etc. which constitute over 80 per cent of our export basket. On the other hand, major import items constitute capital goods and intermediates which not only support the manufacturing sector but also supply raw-materials for the export oriented units. Over the years, Indias trade with countries of Asia ASEAN and Africa has gone up substantially. Apart from that, India is now a major player in global trading system and all the major sectors of Indian economy are linked to world outside either directly or indirectly through international trade. Introduction of Topic Exim Bank (India) Exim Bank (full name: The Export-Import Bank of India) is an Indian government-owned financial institution for the public sector created by an Act of the Parliament of India: the Export-Import Bank of India Act 1981. Exim Bank is managed by a Board of Directors, which has representatives from the Government, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC), a financial institution, public sector banks, and the business community. The Banks functions are segmented into several operating groups including: Corporate Banking Group which handles a variety of financing programmes for Export Oriented Units (eous), Importers, and overseas investment by Indian companies. Project Finance / Trade Finance Group handles the entire range of export credit services such as suppliers credit, pre-shipment credit, buyers credit, finance for export of projects consultancy services, guarantees, forfeiting, etc. Lines of Credit Group Lines of Credit (LOC) is a financing mechanism and export transactions in the agricultural sector for financing. Small and Medium Enterprises Group to the specific financing requirements of export oriented smes. The group handles credit proposals from smes under various lending programmes of the Bank. Export Services Group offers variety of advisory and value-added information services aimed at investment promotion Fee based Export Marketing Services Bank offers assistance to Corporate Affairs. Service Category Government to Business (G2B) Service Title Export Import Data Bank Service State/Ministry Ministry of Commerce and Industry Service Description One will get the Trade statistics both import and export details Service Language English Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Anand Sharma It is set up by an act of parliament in September 1981 Wholly owned by government of india Commenced operations in march 1982 Apex financial institution Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for providing financial assistance to exporters and importers, and for functioning as the principal financial institution for coordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing export and import of goods and services with a view to promoting the countrys international tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ shall act on business principles with due regard to public interest Exim Policy Facilities The existing export promotion schemes such as Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme, Duty Exemption and Remission Scheme, Scheme for Gems and Jewellery Exports, EHTP and SEZ Schemes have been further strengthened and simplified. The various relaxations provided under the above Schemes are given below Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCG) Duty Exemption and Remission Scheme Gems and Jewellery Exports Special Economic Zones Electronic Hardware Technology Parks Other Facilities Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Projects Strategic Package for Status Holders Neutralizing high fuel costs Diversification of markets North Eastern States, Sikkim and Jammu Kashmir Re-location of industries Reduction in transaction time cost BANKS FUNCTIONS The Banks functions are segmented into several operating groups including: Corporate Banking Group which handles a variety of financing programmes for Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Importers, and overseas investment by Indian companies. Project Finance / Trade Finance Group handles the entire range of export credit services such as suppliers credit, pre-shipment credit, buyers credit, finance for export of projects consultancy services, guarantees, forfaiting etc. Lines of Credit Group Lines of Credit (LOC) is a financing mechanism that provides a safe mode of non-recourse financing option to Indian exporters, especially to SMEs, and serves as an effective market entry tool. Agriculture Business Group, to spearhead the initiative to promote and support Agri-exports. The Group handles projects and export transactions in the agricultural sector for financing. Small and Medium Enterprises Group to the specific financing requirements of export oriented SMEs. The group handles credit proposals from SMEs under various lending programmes of the Bank. Export Services Group offers variety of advisory and value-added information services aimed at investment promotion Fee based Export Marketing Services Bank offers assistance to Indian companies, to enable them establish their products in overseas markets. Besides these, the Support Services groups, which include: Research Planning, Corporate Finance, Loan Recovery, Internal Audit, Management Information Services, Information Technology, Legal, Human Resources Management and Corporate affairs. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Generally research is considered as an endeavor to arrive at the answer to intellectual and practical problem through the application of scientific method to the acknowledge universe. It is movement from known to unknown. My research based on the secondary resources. The data taken from the different websites (Indian govt.,Exim bank policy, Foreign trade). Review of Literature Indias export performance /April-august, 2004-05/ Nimmala Amharic- In this article that writer have a research on the topic of Indias export performance. And he found in his research that Indians foreign trade are increasing year by year in both respect of export and import. But total trade deficit is a big problem of Indian economy. And he also find in their research that some of the sector has grew in terms of export such as Automobiles, Gems Jewellery, and Textiles. OBJECTIVES To know the Role of EXIM Bank in the growth of Foreign Trade. To know the various services provided by the EXIM banks which support in foreign trade Data And Facts Total Trade of Exports and Imports over the Years in Crore Rupees Year Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Deficit 1990-91 32558 43193 75751 -10635 1991-92 44042 47851 91893 -3809 1992-93 53688 63375 117063 -9687 1993-94 69751 73101 142852 -3350 1994-95 82674 89971 172645 -7297 1995-96 106353 122678 229031 -16325 1996-97 118817 138920 257737 -20103 1997-98 130101 154176 284277 -24075 1998-99 139753 178332 318085 -38579 1999-2000 159561 215236 374797 -55675 2000-01 209018 230873 434444 -27302 2001-02 255137 245200 454218 -36182 2002-03 293367 297206 552343 -42069 2003-04 375340 359108 652475 -65741 2004-05 375340 501065 876405 -125725 2005-06 456483 635013 1091496 -178530 2006-07 571779 840506 1412286 -268727 2007-08 655864 1012312 1668176 -356448 2008-09(P) 766935 1385503 2072338 -538568 External Trade with Other Countries during 2007-08 and 2008-09 Region Exports (April-Feb) Imports (April-Feb) 2007-08 2008-09(P) 2007-08(P) 2008-09(P) 1. Europe 1,33,151 1,65,925 1,75,335 2,23,813 1.1 EU countries 27 1,23,219 1,55,266 1,27,315 1,61,593 1.2 Other WE countries 9,553 10,123 47,881 62,115 1.3 East Europe 379 536 138 106 2. Africa 38,062 44,922 51,519 60,151 2.1 Southern Africa 13,058 12,393 17,868 29,377 2.2 West Africa 12,851 13,204 35,614 48,514 2.3 Central Africa 934 1,372 189 632 2.4 East Africa 15,126 18,687 1,158 1,158 3. America 98,900 1,14,966 79,780 1,21,381 3.1 North America 79,880 89,476 56,281 80,825 3.2 Latin America 10,019 45,490 23,498 40,556 4. Asia and Asean 2,96,287 3,57,982 5,43,551 7,39,622 4.1 East Asia 5,070 6,719 30,783 40,230 4.2 ASEAN 56,663 75,357 82,289 1,06,418 4.3 WANA 1,08,920 1,44,039 2,58,645 3,56,716 4.4 NE Asia 92,974 96,846 1,64,030 2,28,746 4.5 South Asia 32,659 35,020 7,805 7,513 5. CIS Baltics 6,101 7,623 14,238 28,793 5.1 cars Countries 826 1,047 419 1,157 5.2 Other CIS Countries 5,275 6,577 13,818 27,636 6. Unspecified Region 1,482 4,346 2,666 4,710 Total 5,77,889 6,96,498 8,70,399 11,98,360 EXPORT CREDITS EXIM LINES OF CREDIT (LOC) The main role of Exim bank in foreign trade is to give credit facilities. Exim Bank extends Lines of Credit (LOC) to overseas financial institutions, regional development banks, sovereign governments and other entities overseas, to enable buyers in those countries, to import goods and services from India on deferred credit terms. The Indian exporters can obtain payment of eligible value from Exim Bank, without recourse to them, against negotiation of shipping documents. LOC is a financing mechanism that provides a safe mode of non-recourse financing option to Indian exporters, especially to SMEs, and serves as an effective market entry tool. Exim Bank extends LOC, on its own, as well as, at the behest of Government of India. Exim Bank offers the following Export Credit facilities, which can be availed of by Indian companies, commercial banks and overseas entities: For Indian Companies executing contracts overseas for commercial Banks Other Facilities for Indian Companies For Overseas Entities For Indian Companies executing contracts overseas Pre-shipment credit Exim Banks Pre-shipment Credit facility, in Indian Rupees and foreign currency, provides access to finance at the manufacturing stage enabling exporters to purchase raw materials and other inputs. Suppliers Credit This facility enables Indian exporters to extend term credit to importers (overseas) of eligible goods at the post-shipment stage. For Project Exporters Indian project exporters incur Rupee expenditure while executing overseas project export contracts i.e. Costs of mobilization/acquisition of materials, personnel and equipment etc. Exim Banks facility helps them meet these expenses. For Exporters of Consultancy and Technological Services Exim Bank offers a special credit facility to Indian exporters of consultancy and technology services, so that they can, in turn, extend term credit to overseas importers Guarantee Facilities Indian companies can avail of these to furnish requisite guarantees to facilitate execution of export contracts and import transactions. How does it work? Exim Bank signs LOC Agreement with overseas Borrower Institution (Borrower) and announces the availability of LOC for utilization, when the Agreement becomes effective. Exporter checks with Exim Bank, available amount under the LOC and quantum of service fee payable to Exim Bank, if any, and negotiates contract with Importer. Importer approaches the Borrower for approval of the contract. Borrower appraises the proposal. If satisfied, approves the contract and refers to Exim Bank for concurrence for inclusion of contract for being financed under the LOC. Exim Bank accords approval to the contract, if in conformity with the terms of LOC. Exim Bank conveys contract approval to the exporter and the Borrower. The Importer arranges remittance of advance payment to the Exporter and also opening of a Letter of Credit, which states that the contract is covered under Exim Banks LOC to the Borrower and reimbursement will be by Exim Bank for the Eligible Value of Credit, upon compliance with stipulated conditions therein. Exporter executes the contract/ships the goods/provides services. Exim Bank/commercial bank in India, designated as the Negotiating Bank negotiates shipping documents and pays the exporter. Exim Bank reimburses the Negotiating Bank, on receipt of valid claim and service fee, as applicable, by debit to the LOC account of the Borrower. Borrower repays Exim Bank on due dates. Exim Bank signs agreement with Borrower and announces when effective. Exporter checks procedures and service fee payable, if any, with Exim Bank and negotiates contract with Importer. Importer consults Borrower and signs contract with exporter. Borrower approves contract. Exim Bank approves contract and advises Borrower and also exporter and his negotiating bank, in India. Importer establishes L/C in favor of Exporter. Exporter ships goods. Exim Bank/commercial bank negotiates shipping documents and pays exporter. EXIM Bank reimburses commercial bank on receipt of claim and debits LOC account of the Borrower. Borrower repays EXIM Bank on due dates. Lending Programme for Export Oriented Units To create and enhance export capabilities of Indian companies.it provide them Term loans in Indian rupees/ foreign currency, Deferred Payment Guarantee for import of capital goods. And in place of that they charged minimum Banks lending rate and 1% of loan amount payable upfront as service charged they provide this facility to following eligible company: Units set up/proposed to be set up in Export Processing Zones Units under the 100% Export Oriented Units Scheme Units importing capital goods under Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme Units undertaking expansion /modernization /up gradation /diversification programs of existing export oriented units with export orientation of minimum 10% or sales of Rs.5 crores per annum whichever is lower Lending Programme for Overseas Joint Ventures/Wholly Owned Subsidiaries by Indian Companies- To finance by way of equity loan to Indian companies for setting up of overseas joint ventures/ wholly owned subsidiaries Eligible Companies Any Indian promoter making equity investment in an existing company or a new project overseas with the requisite approval for such investment from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)/Government of India as also from the government and other concerned authorities in the host country The total value of the investment by the Indian company does not exceed US $ 15 million in respect of Indian investment in SAARC countries and Myanmar total value of investment does not exceed US $ 30 million; and in respect of Indian Rupee investment in Nepal and Bhutan, total value of investment does not exceed Rs.120 crores The amount of investment is up to 25% of annual average export earnings of the company in the preceding three years The amount of investment is repatriated in fully by way of dividends, royalty, technical service fees, etc. Within a period of five years. Refinance to Commercial Banks Exim Bank provides 100% refinance to commercial banks in respect of rupee term loans extended by them to Indian Promoter Company for equity contribution in overseas JV/WOS. As per prevailing RBI guidelines, commercial banks can consider loan for equity investment only under Exim Banks Refinance scheme. Equity Investment in Indian Ventures Abroad To catalyze overseas investment by Indian companies to enhance visibility of Indian overseas ventures. Quantum of Exim Banks equity participation Upton 25% of equity capital of the jvs involving Indian foreign companies Upton 50% of equity capital in case of wholly owned subsidiaries of Indian companies Subject to a ceiling of US $ 5 MN per proposal and remove subject to RBI Investment Criteria While considering equity investment with Indian companies business in India, weightage will be giving to the following: Background and track record of Indian and foreign promoters Synergy of overseas operations with business in India Financial viability and technical feasibility Return on Exims investment Benefits to India in terms of trade enhancement, technology transfer, and foreign exchange earnings etc. Spin off benefits such as brand marketing and penetration of new markets will also be considered Asian Countries Investment Partners Programme (ACIP) To promote joint ventures in India between Indian companies companies from Asian countries through four facilities that address different stages of the project cycle. ACIP seeks to catalyze investment flows into India by creation of Joint Ventures in India between Indian companies and companies from East Asian countries. ACIP is proposed to be a funding instrument providing finance at various stages of a Joint Venture project cycle viz. Sector study, project identification, feasibility study, prototype development, setting up project and technical, managerial assistance. Export Marketing Finance Programme To create and enhance export capabilities and international competitiveness of Indian companies. Under the lending programme for Export Marketing Finance, the Bank addresses the term finance requirements for a structural and strategic export marketing and development effort of Indian companies Eligible Companies Company who have a strategic international marketing plan. Company should have established presence in the domestic market Company should have satisfactory financials. Interest Rates Rupee Term Loans Linked to Exim Banks Minimum Lending Rate Foreign Currency Term Loans At floating or fixed interest rates Additionally interest tax is applicable will be payable Service Fee 1% of loan amount sanctioned, payable upfront non-refundable Export Product Development Programme To support systematic export product development plans with focus on industrialized markets Eligible Companies Established exporting enterprises with product development programme dedicated to export The company must also have an established track record and satisfactory financials Programme for Financing Export Vendor Development (EVD) Objective To finance export strategic vendor development plans for export companies with a view to enhancing exports through creation, strengthening of backward linkages with vendors. Eligible Companies Export companies and Trading Houses Manufacturer-exporters with satisfactory track record and financials ,li> Companies with strategic plan for vendor development for exports are eligible to seek finance under this programme Companies purchasing from vendors finished, semi-finished or intermediate products with the exporter adding value to the product in the form of further processing or marketing them Interest Rate Interest Rate linked to Banks Minimum Lending Rate Soft loan at 7.5% p.a. (subject to change) subject to maximum of Rs.50 lakhs Repayment Period Upton 7 years Programme for Export Facilitation Exim Bank offers term finance and non-funded facilities to Indian corporates to create infrastructure facilities to facilitate Indias international trade thereby enhance their export capability. Foreign Currency Pre-Shipment Credit (FCPC) Under this programme, short-term foreign currency finance is available to eligible exporters for financing inputs for export production such as raw materials, components and consumables. The finance is repayable in foreign currency from proceeds of the relative exports. FCPC programme represents another funding source to the exporter for expanding export volumes, particularly of manufactured and value added goods. It eliminates two-way exchange conversion costs and exchange risk, thus enhancing export competitiveness. FCPC can be a cost effective funding source as compared to rupee export credit as well as overseas suppliers credit depending on market conditions for loans under FCPC. As far as commercial banks are concerned, loans availed of from Exim Bank are exempt from Cash Reserve Ratio, Statutory Liquidity Ratio and Incremental Credit-Deposit Ratio requirements. Eligible Borrowers Exporting companies Commercial Banks for on lending to exporting customers Working Capital Term Loan Programme for Export Oriented Units (WCTL) WCTL programme seeks to create, enhance export capabilities of Indian companies. Under the Programme, the Bank addresses the working capital (loan component) requirements of export oriented units. Eligible Companies Units set up/proposed to be set up in Export Processing Zones Units under the 100% Export Oriented Units Scheme Units importing capital goods under Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme Units undertaking expansion /modernization /up gradation/diversification programs of existing export oriented units with export orientation of 10% of sales or export sales of Rs.5 crores per annum whichever is lower. Bulk Import Finance Programme (BIF) In this service they provide short term working capital finance to manufacturing companies to excess consumable inputs. Under the programme, BIF is offered for import of eligible items with a minimum order size of Rs.1 crores .And they provided the Short term loans in Indian Rupees and/or Foreign currency. Programme for Financing Research Development To provide integrated financing for Research Development activities by export oriented companies Exim Banks finance available to Financially sound companies with a minimum export orientation of 20% of their net sales for the following eligible activities and eligible expenditure. Eligible RD Activities Eligible RD Expenditure Development and commercialization of new product / process / application. Significant improvements in existing product / process / application/ design. Development of technology or design to satisfy domestic or international environment, technical requirements/ standards, specifications. Setting up, expansion of pilot plants. FINANCE FOR EXPORT ORIENTED UNITS Term Finance Project Finance Equipment Finance Import of Technology Related Services Domestic Acquisitions of businesses/companies/brands Export Product Development/ Research Development General Corporate Finance Working Capital Finance (For Exporting Companies) Funded Working Capital Term Loans [ Long Term Working Capital [up to 5 years] Export Bills Discounting Export Packing Credit Cash Flow financing Non-Funded Letter of Credit Limits Guarantee Limits Export Finance Pre-shipment Credit Post Shipment Credit Buyers Credit Suppliers Credit [including deferred payment credit] Bills Discounting Export Receivables Financing Warehousing Finance Export Lines of Credit (Non-recourse finance) Data analysis As we know that Indias total external trade (exports plus imports including re-exports) in the year 1990-91 stood at Rs. 91,893 crore. Since then, this has witnessed continuous increase with occasional downturns. During 2008-09 the value of Indias external trade reached Rs. 20, 72,438 crore. A statement indicating Indias total export, import, total value of foreign trade and balance of trade from the year 1991-92 to 2008-09, in rupee terms, is given in table above. Indias exports during 2008-09 reached a level of Rs. 7, 66,935 crore registering a growth of 16.9 per cent. In US $ terms, exports reached a level of US$168.7 billion, registering a growth of 3.5 per cent as compared to a growth of 29.1 per cent during the previous year. The growth of exports during the year has exhibited a significant slow-down from September 2008 onwards. While, during the first half of the year 2008-09, April-September, exports increased by 31.3 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except increased by 31.3 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except marine products, handicrafts and carpets, recording significant growth. In the second half of the year 2008-09, October-March, exports recorded a decline of (-) 19.2 per cent with almost all the commodity groups recording significant negative growth. During 2008-09 imports increased to Rs. 13,05,503 from the level of Rs. 10,12,312 crore in 2007-08 registering growth of 29.0 per cent in rupee terms. In US $ terms, imports reached a level of US $ 287.8 billion in 2008-09 registering a growth of 14.4 per cent. Oil imports were valued at US $ 93.2 billion, which was higher by 16.9 per cent over the previous year. Non-Oil imports increased to US $ 194.6 billion, which was higher by 13.2 per cent. Items which registered significant growth are Pearl, Precious Semi-Precious Stones, Crude Manufactured Fertilizer, Coal, Inorganic Chemicals, Project Goods, etc. Import of Gold and Transport Equipment registered significant decline. The Trade deficit during 2008-09 increased to Rs. (-) 538568 crore as against Rs. (-) 356449 crore during 2007-08. In US $ terms, trade deficit increased to US 119.1 billion from a level of US 88.5 billion during 2007-08. India has trading relations with all the major trading blocks and geographical regions of the world. Region and sub region-wide spread of Indias during 2007-08 and 2008-09 as per data available up to 2008-09 (April-February) is given in table 7.2. During the period 2008-09 (April-February), the share of Asia and ASEAN region comprising South Asia, East Asia, and Mid-Eastern and Gulf countries accounted for 51.4 per cent of Indias total exports. The share of Europe and America in Indias exports stood at 23.8 per cent and 16.5 per cent respectively of which EU countries (27) comprises 22.3 per cent. During the period, USA (12.0 per cent), has been the most important country of export destination following by United Arab Emirates (10.8 per cent), China (5.1 per cent), Singapore (4.7 per cent), Netherlands (3.7 per cent), Hong Kong (3.7 per cent), U.K. (3.6 per cent), Germany (3.4 per cent), Saudi Arabia (3.0 per cent), Belgium (2.6 per cent) and Italy (2.2 per cent). Asia and ASEAN accounted for 61.7 per cent of Indias total imports during the period followed by Europe (18.7 per cent) and America (10.1 per cent). Among individual countries the share of China stood highest at (10.7 per cent) followed by Saudi Arabia (7.1 per cent), UAE (6.4 per cent) and USA (6.0 per cent), Iran (4.3 percent), Switzerland (4.2 per cent), Germany (3.6 per cent), Kuwait (3.4 per cent), Nigeria (3.2 per cent), and Iraq (2.8 per cent) Conclusion As we describe above the various functions and role of the Exim Bank. Than we can say that it handles a variety of financing programs for Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Importers, and overseas investment

Grapes of Wrath

Krystal Giffen The Grapes of Wrath Part 1: Literary Analysis 1. A. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhat’s this call, this sperit? ’ An’ I says, ‘It’s love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 23, Chapter 4). This quote is an example of an metaphor. The use of this metaphor was to show the reader why the preacher doesn’t preach anymore. The effect the metaphor had on the reader was, for them to see how the preacher really viewed ‘the sperit’. B. â€Å"One cat’ takes and shoves ten families out. Cat’s all over hell now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 8, Chapter 2). This quote is an example of symbolism. The truck driver uses the animal cat to describe the people who tractor out croppers from their crops and homes.The effect of using a cat to describe someone was negative. The cat description made the reader view the person who tractors out croppers as evil, cunning and thoughtless. C. â€Å"†¦ The Bank -or the Company-needs-wants-insists-must have -as though the Bank or the Company were a monster, with thought and feeling which had ensnared them. † (pg. 31, Chapter 5). This quote is an example of an epic simile. The use of his simile is to show the reader that the Bank or Company that takes the land acts as a monster, being mean and cold. D. â€Å"Can you live without the willow tree? Well, no, you can’t.The willow tree is you. The pain of that mattress there – that dreadful pain – that’s you. † (pg. 89, Chapter 9). This quote is an example of a metaphor. The use of this metaphor is to relate all of the families belongings to them, that the belongings are indeed part of them. The effect of this metaphor is to show the reader how much the families belongings actually meant to them. E. â€Å"Damn it,’ he said, ‘a pick is a nice tool (umph), if you don’ fight it (umph). You an’ the pick (umph) workin’ together (umph)’ (pg. 298, Chapter 22). This quote is an example of Epizeuxis.The use and effect of this epizeuxis is to show emphasis on how heavy the pick was and how hard it was to work back then. The epizeuxis helps the reader image Tom working in the hot sun with the heavy pick, working for just twenty-five cents an hour. 2. A. â€Å"You know the land is poor. You’ve scrabbled at it long enough, God knows. The squatting tenant men nodded and wondered and drew figures in the dust, and yes, they knew, God knows†¦ The owner men went on leading to their point: You know the land’s getting poorer†¦ If they could only rotate the crops they might pump blood back into the land.Well, it’s too late†¦ A man can hold land if he can just eat and pay taxes; he can do that. Yes, he can do that until his crops fail one day and he has to borrow money from the bank†¦ a bank or a company can’t do that, because those creatures don’t breathe air, don’t eat side-meat. They breather profi ts; they eat the interest on money†¦ Can’t we just hang on? Maybe the next year will be a good year. God knows how much cotton next year†¦ Next year, maybe†¦ We can’t depend on it. The bank-the monster has to have profits all the time. It can’t wait. It’’ die.No, taxes go on†¦ The tenant system won;t work anymore†¦ You’ll have to get off the land. The plow’ll go through the dooryard† (pg. 33, Chapter 5). The significance of this passage is that it shows how the Banks would take the land from the croppers and how the croppers were crushed. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows the reader how the migration to the west started, how hundreds of families would get evicted from their land and forced to move elsewhere. B. â€Å" ‘Who’s in here? ’ Ma asked. ‘What is it you want, mister? ’ ‘What you think I want?I want to know who’s in here. â €™ ‘Why, they’s jus’ us three in here. Ma an’ Granma an’ my girl. ’ ‘Where’s your men? ’ ‘Why they went down to clean up. We was drivin’ all night. ’ ‘Where’d you come from? ’ ‘Right near Sallisaw, Oklahoma. ’ ‘Well, you can’t stay here. ’ ‘We aim to get out tonight an’ cross the desert, mister. ’ ‘Well you better. If you’re here tomorra this time I’ll run you in. We don’t want none of you settlin’ down here. ’†¦ ‘Mister,’ she said, ‘ you got a tin button an’ a gun. Where I come from, you keep your voice down. ’ She advanced on him with the skillet.He loosened the gun in the holster. ‘Go ahead,’ said Ma. ‘Scarin women/ I’m thankful the men folks ain’t here. They’d tear ya to pieces. In my country you watch your tongue. ’ The man took two steps backward. ‘Well, you ain’t in your country now. You’re in California, an’ we don’t want you goddamn Okies settlin’ down. ’ †¦ ‘Yeah, Okies! An’ if you’re here when I come tomorra, I’ll run ya in† (pg. 215, Chapter 18). The significance of this passage is it shows how life changed so much once the Joads moved west, they were in someone else’s territory now.This passage shows how the Joads would have to change the way they acted since they moved to California. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows the reader how difficult and cruel it was to move to the West back during the dust bowl. People weren’t treated equally because of were they came from and how poor they were. C. â€Å"They had no more the stomach-tearing lust for the rich acre and a shining blade to plow it, for seed and a windmill beating its wings in the air. T hey arose in the dark no more to hear the sleepy birds’ first chittering, and the morning wind dear acres.These things were lost, nd crops were rechoned in dollars, and land was valued by principal plus interest, and crops were bought and sold before they were planted. Then crop failure, drought, and flood were no longer little deaths within life, but simple losses of money. And all their love was thinned with money, and all their fierceness dribbled away in interest until they were no longer farmers at all, but little shopkeepers of crops, little manufacturers who must sell before they can make. Then those farmers who were not good shopkeepers lost their land to good shopkeepers.No matter how clever, how loving a man might be with earth and growing things, he could not survive if he were not also a good shopkeeper. And as time went on, the business men had the farms, and the farms grew larger, but there were fewer of them† (pg. 231-232, Chapter 19). The significance of this passage is it shows the reader how the land used to be owned by people, farmers, who loved the land and cared for the land but it turned into a business over the years. Farming wasn’t about the feel or love anymore, it was all about money.This passage relates to the work as a whole because the whole book is about how money can affect people, how ownership can turn into something terrible and turn people against each other. D. â€Å"She sat down and opened the box. Inside were letters, clippings, photographs, a pair of earrings a little gold signet ring and a watch chain braided of hair and tipped with gold swivels†¦ For a long time she held the box, looking over it, and her fingers disturbed the letters and then lined them up again†¦ And at last she made up her mind†¦ She took a letter from an envelope and dropped the trinkets in the envelope.She folded the envelope and put it in her dress pocket†¦ She lifted the stove lid and laid the box gently am ong the coals. Quickly the heat browned the paper†¦ She replaced the stove lid and instantly the fire sighed up and breather over the box† (pg. 108, Chapter 10). The significance of this passage is it shows the reader how it’s so hard for the Joad’s to just give up all their belongings and leave. This relates to the story as a whole because it show’s how during the dust bowl you had to give up a lot if you wanted to survive. E. â€Å"I know, Ma. I’m a-tryin’.But them deputies- Did you ever see a deputy that didn’ have a fat ass? An’ they waggle their ass an’ flop their gun aroun’. Ma,’ he said, ‘if it was the law they was workin’ with, why, we could take it. But it ain’t the law. They’re a-workin’ away at our spirits. They’re a-tryin’ to make us cringe an’ crawl like a whipped bitch. They tryin’ to break us. Why, Jesus Christ, Ma, they comes a time when the on’y way a fella can keep his decency is by takin’ a sock at a cop. They’re workin’ on our decency† (pg. 278-279, Chapter 20). The significance of this passage is it shows how even the law was corrupt do to greediness.The deputies were corrupt so they could eat, feed their family and feel powerful. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows how people change once hunger and stable living comes into play. The people who have nothing are honest and look out for each other while people who have something do everything in their power to keep it, even if that means corrupting what’s right. Part 2: Plot, Setting, Themes and Vocabulary 3. Tom Joad- A young man, the favorite child of the Joad family. Tom went to jail for killing a man at a bar fight, but he got put on parole after 4 years in prison for his good record.He doesn’t regret what he did, he even says he’d do it again if he had to. Tom is the one who guides his family throughout the book, acting as the protector of the family. 4. Tom’s purpose in the story was to lead the Joad family to California and to make sure he could do everything in his well-being to make living possible for him and his family. Tom is a dynamic character, he changes when there are different people around. He knows when he needs to keeps pushing or when he needs to stop. 5. Tom is related to the majority of the other characters.Toms relationship with Casy is that they met when Tom was searching for his family, and they helped each other out because they knew what each other was going through. Tom and Floyd are very similar in that they want they same thing, they want to do good for their family. Tom was the once who suggested that Ivy and Sairy Wilson travel with the Joads. Muley Graves- A former neighbor of the Joads. Helped Tom find his family when he first got out of jail. Muley got evicted from his house just like the Joads but he could ’t leave the land, his family left him for California. 4.Muley’s function in the story was to help Tom find his family when he got out of jail and went back home. Muley was a static character who just showed his anger towards the bankers and Willy. 5. Muley was the Joad’s neighbor back in Oklahoma, and used to go to church where Casy was the preacher. Ma Joad- Ma Joad is the mother of the Joad family, she’s the one who is trying to keep the family together throughout the whole book. She takes on all her motherly duties without the blink of an eye. She is tough and won’t get pushed around easily but doesn’t know when not to speak up when she is getting pushed around. . Ma’s purpose in the story was to hold the family together and be strong when no one else could. She helped the family stay together though all the tough times. Ma was a dynamic character who changes a lot throughout the story. She was very quiet at the being of the story but once the story progressed she got more vocal and outspoken. 5. Ma is the mother of all the Joad family. She used to bring the Joad’s to the church that Casy used to preach at. The Wilson’s helped Ma out by sharing the food they had with the whole Joad family.Pa Joad- The tenant farmer who got evicted from his farm, the father of the Joad family and married to Ma Joad. Once he got evicted he focused on getting the family to California. Once they got to California Pa wasn’t able to find work and became weaker than Ma and became desperate. 4. Pa’s purpose was to help the family get to California and find work once they got there. Since Pa didn’t find work, he helped Ma out. Pa is a static character who doesn’t change much during the book. 5. Pa is the father of the Joad father and went to the church that Cast used to preacher at.Pa helped any way he could with the Wilson’s car when it was broken-down. Jim Casy- Jim was a former prea cher until he gave it up because he got to thinking that ‘the sperit’ he believed in so much was just love, and the other spirit wasn’t in him anymore. He goes along with the Joad family to California but before he could find a job he got arrested to protect Tom during a fight between laborers and a deputy from the California police. During the trip to California he helps the Joad family out a lot by praying for both Granma and Granpa Joad when they passed. 4.Casy’s purpose in the story was to the Joad family by praying when it needed to be done like at Granma and Granpa Joad’s deaths. Casy was a dynamic character because at the beginning of the story he was alone because he didn’t want to preach anymore but as the story moved on he preached when he had to and he also saved Tom and Floyd by giving himself in. 5. Jim Casy used to the preacher that the Joad family used to go to, he baptized Tom when he was younger. Casy helped Floyd out by givi ng himself up instead of letting Tom and Floyd take the blame. Casy was the preacher of Muley’s family too.Noah Joad- The first born of the Joad family. He was deformed at birth because Pa panicked during the delivery and tried to pull him out. He felt that he wasn’t as loved as the other Joad children so he left the family at a stream near the California border, saying he was better off there. 4. Noah’s purpose in the story was to help the family get to California. Noah could be both a dynamic or a static character because throughout the whole story he didn’t change much but at the river he took a bold step and left the family. 5. Noah was the oldest son of the Joad family, who used to go see Casy preach.Noah never met Floyd and Muley used to be his neighbor. Rose of Sharon (Rosasharn)- the oldest daughter in the Joad family who is married to Connie. She journeys to California with Connie and the Joad family while being pregnant. The couple imagines how life will be once they get to California but once reality hits Connie abandons her during their first stop in California, and her baby is born dead. 4. Rose of Sharon’s purpose in the book was to be strong when so many bad things happen in life all at once. Rose of Sharon showed how you had to be mature and strong even though live was tough.Rose of Sharon was a dynamic character because at first she was love struck but then she started acting immature and babyish. But by the end of the book she matured and was a strong woman. 5. Rose of Sharon was the oldest daughter in the Joad family. She used to be preached by Jim Casy and was married the Connie. Ivy and Sairy Wilson were friends while they traveled together. Connie- He is Rose of Sharon’s husband who has unrealistic dreams with his wife. He dreams too much and soon abandons Rose of Sharon to go study tractors and to hopefully get paid 3 dollars and hour. His leaving surprises only Rose of Sharon. . Connie’s purpose in the story was to leave the Joad family to show how stress, depression and money can really move some people. Connie was also a dynamic character because he was ‘in love’ with Rose of Sharon for the whole story until they got to California and reality hit that getting a job was harder than they both thought. Connie left the Joad family in hopes that he would be able to make 3 dollars a day back in Oklahoma. 5. Connie was married to Rose of Sharon making him a brother in-law and son in-law of the Joad family. Casy was just an acquaintance of Connie. Connie never met Muley or Floyd.Granma Joad- Granma loved having Casy around because she was a Christian. She too loved to torment Granpa Joad just like he did her. Once Granpa died she started to slowly die herself, she dies right after the Joad family reaches California. 4. Granma’s purpose in the story was to show even though she was dying the family never left her behind because she was family. Granma was static character because while Granpa was alive all they did was rise hell with each other but once he didn’t she got sick and didn’t talk or do much. 5. Granma Joad was the mother of Pa and the Granma of the Joad children.She loved Casy because she was a devoted Christian and he was a preacher. Granma Joad appreciated the help of the Wilson’s during Granpa’s death. Granma never met Floyd. Granpa Joad- He was the one who ran the Indian’s off of the land to make the Joad farm possible, is now old and feeble. He loves to torment his wife and family. He is connected to the land and didn’t want to leave it for California, but Tom drugged him to get him to come. On their first stop along the journey Granpa dies of a stroke, most likely a heat stroke. 4. Granpa’s purpose in the story was to show his love for the land was stronger that anything else.Once he left the land he got sick and died. Granpa was a dynamic character because during th e whole story he would just rise hell for the whole family but then once he was about to die he broke down and started crying. 5. Granpa Joad was the father of Pa and the Granpa of the Joad children. Granpa like Casy because he would pray for his wife. Granpa Joad never really met the Wilson’s but they helped him out tremendously by giving him a tent to die in. Granpa never met Floyd and was the neighbor of Muley. Al Joad- 16-year old son of the Joad family. His main interest is in girls and cars.He was responsible for the whole family on the long voyage to California because the car was his responsibility. If something happened to the car it would have been his fault, resulting in the suffering of his family. He looks up to Tom throughout the book, but soon becomes his own man. He falls in love with Agnes Wainwright while working and stays with her instead of leaving with his family. 4. Al’s purpose in the story was to help keep the car running on their journey to Cal ifornia. Al made sure the car kept running all the way to California and made sure it never broke down.Al was a dynamic character because he was some what immature at the beginning of the story but he ended up acting very mature by the end of the story. He was idolized Tom, but soon grew up to be his own man. 5. Al was the middle son of the Joad family. He helped Floyd fix his car before they had to flee the Hooverville. Al helped the Wilson’s by fixing their car too. Casy made sure Al wasn’t around when he got arrested so their wouldn’t be any connection to Tom. Ivy and Sairy Wilson- The Joads met the Wilson’s on their first night stop on their journey to California.Both of the Wilson’s were sweet and nice, they lent their tent to the Joad’s so that Granpa Joad would have a comfortable place to die. To return the favor Al and Tom fixed their broken-down car, and then they two families decided to travel to California together. During the jou rney their car break down again and Al and Tom fix it again but before they can move on the Wilson’s said they couldn’t move on because of Sairy’s health. 4. The Wilson’s purpose in the story was to help the Joad family by sharing their food and their car with them. The Wilson’s showed the reader that even during these tough times people could still be nice.The Wilson’s were static characters always being helpful but knew because of Sairy’s health they would eventually have to stop. 5. The Wilson’s relationship with the Joad family was they helped each other out, they were friends. The Wilson’s liked Casy because before the Joad’s left the Wilson’s Casy prayed for Sairy even though he didn’t want to. The Wilson’s never met Muley or Floyd. Uncle John- Pa’s brother who is crazy, stringy and mean. John is filled with guilt and shame because years ago he didn’t get a doctor for his 4 month pregnant wife who complained of stomach pains and died the day after from a ruptured appendix.He blames himself for her death and because of it his loneliness cuts him off from people and his appetite. 4. Uncle John’s purpose in the story was to help out in any way he could but to also show selfishness when he got depressed. Uncle John was a static character because throughout the whole story he just felt guilty and ashamed of what he did so long ago. 5. Uncle John was Pa’s brother and the Uncle of the Joad family. He talked to Casy about his sins a few times and appreciated the advice of Casy. Uncle John was the neighbor of Muley and never really met Floyd.Ruthie Joad- The sencond and youngest Joad daughter who has almost a twin-like relationship with her younger brother Winfield. During the book they do almost everything together, they feed off of each other’s energy. 4. Ruthie’s purpose in the story was to help out Ma in any way she could and so me what look after Winfield whenever they were together. Ruthie was a dynamic character because at the beginning of the story she acted fearless but during the story we found out she was only fearless with Winfield by her side. She also acted immaturely and didn’t think things through before she spoke. 5.Ruthie was the youngest daughter of the Joad family and used to be preacher by Casy. The Wilson’s were companions of hers, Muley was her old neighbor and she never really met Floyd. Winfield Joad- He is the youngest Joad at the age of ten. He does everything with Ruthie. 4. Winfield’s purpose was to help Ma out in any way he could. Winfield was the youngest child in the story and had to grow up during these tough times making it hard to act like normal ten year-old. Winfield was a static character because he was just a child throughout the whole story. 5. Winfield was the youngest child of the Joad family.He traveled with the Wilson’s and Casy but never t alked out associated with them much. Muley used to be Winfield’s neighbor and he never really met Floyd. Floyd Knowles- A migrant worker who Tom meets at the first Hooverville. He gives Tom word on a job up north. His outspokenness gets him into an argument with a deputy where Casy gets arrested for him and Tom’s sake. 4. Floyd’s purpose in the book was to help the Joad’s find work and to work with Tom in making labor unions. Floyd was a dynamic character because he seemed go know when to stop talked when he first got introduced but once the deputy came into the story he was outspoken. . Floyd helped the Joad family out by giving them word on work up north. Casy gave himself in for Floyd and Tom. Floyd never met the Wilson’s or Muley. Part 3: Plot, Setting, Themes and Vocabulary 6. The central settings of the story were in Oklahoma and California. The significance of Oklahoma was that was where the whole story started. Oklahoma was were the Joad fa mily grew up but they got evicted from their house. Oklahoma got changed while they were living there. Granpa Joad stole the land and then the land got stolen from him but the Bank Company.Oklahoma was not there home anymore so they moved on to California. California was described as beautiful land with plenty of jobs available. But once they reached California they learned that the land was beautiful but the people who owned it were not. California was dirty land because of the people who ran it. California wasn’t what the Joad’s expected and they wanted to change that, and Tom eventually did. 7. The exposition of Grapes of Wrath is Tom gets paroled out of jail and goes to find his family. He finds out both his family and his Uncle got evicted from their homes so they travel to California for work.The main conflict throughout the whole book is the drought of the Dust Bowl, which results in hundreds of families getting evicted from their homes and being forced to move west. The Joad family was one of those hundreds of families who had to move. The rising action in the story is the journey of the Joad family to California. Once in California the Joad family has a hard time finding work, and at the first Hooverville get into an argument with a local deputy, resulting in Casy getting arrested. The family lives at a government camp for a while but then move on to find work.One night there was a strike at an orchard and Tom finds Casy there. Casy gets murdered by one of the policeman that was trying to stop the strike. In response, Tom kills the policeman in spite, which is the climax of the story. Tom becomes an outlaw and has to hide from the world to protect his family. In the end Tom ends up running, leaving the rest of his family to escape and be free, which is the resolution of the story. 8. The major themes presented in the work are Bad treatment of the migrant workers, also known as the Okies; the Survival of Kinship and Growth and Maturity.Ba d treatment of the migrant workers in one of the major themes in the Grapes of Wrath because all of the Okies looking for work would be smaller wages and would have to live in Hoovervilles. The workers barely made it by because of how badly they were being treated and paid but the California police and land owners. An example of this would be how the first deputy treated Floyd and Tom because they were outspoken. The Survival of Kinship is also another major theme in the Grapes of Wrath because Ma tries to keep the family together no matter what. During the Dust Bowl all you could count on was your family, no one else.Family is the only thing the Okies really had left, so they would do anything in there power to stay together. An example of keeping the family together would be when Tom had to knock Uncle John out to have him move up north with the rest of the family. Growth and Maturity was also a major theme in the Grapes of Wrath. Every character grew and matured during the story, showing the reader that the only why they would be able to keep living would be to grow up and become mature. An example would be how Rose of Sharon matured after her baby was a still born. 9.Emulsion- a mixture of mutually insoluble liquids in which one is dispersed in droplets throughout the other; a light-sensitive coating on photographic film or paper. â€Å"Now the dust was evenly mixed with the air, an emulsion of dust and air† (pg. 3, Chapter 1). Insinuation- to imply in a subtle, indirect, or artful way â€Å"His voice had the same quality of secrecy and insinuation his eyes had† (pg. 8, Chapter 2). Judiciously- having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgement â€Å"The driver squinted judiciously ahead and built up the speed of the truck a little† (pg. 8, Chapter 2). Auger- a tool for boring †¦ and sometimes they drove big earth augers into the ground for soil tests† (pg. 31, Chapter 5). Beseech- to beg urgently â€Å"He did not know or own or trust or beseech the land† (pg. 35, Chapter 5). Leanto- A shed with a single-pitch roof attached to the side of a building; A shelter made from planks or branches raised in the front on poles. â€Å"Joad paused at the entrance to the tool-shed leanto, an no tools were there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 40, Chapter 6). Petulant- Unreasonably irritable or ill tempered; peevish. â€Å"†¦ the mouth held tight and small, the little eyes half scowling, half petulant† (pg. 45, Chapter 5).Peddler- One who peddles for a living, a hawker; also called â€Å"packman†. â€Å"She aimed to go for that peddler with the ax†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 48, Chapter 5). Boils- A painful swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with a hard pus-filled center, caused by bacterial infection, usually occurring at a hair follicle. â€Å"Look out for boils on that jackrabbit† (pg. 50, Chapter 5). Blazoned- To paint or depict (a coat of arms) with accurate heraldic detail; to adorn or embellish with or as if with blazons; to announce publicly; proclaim loudly and widely â€Å"†¦ the garages with blazoned signs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 61, Chapter 5). Jalopy- An old, dilapidated car. Get ‘em out in a jalopy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 61, Chapter 6). Heifer- A young cow, especially one that has not yet given birth to a calf. â€Å"Well, one day he takes a heifer over to Graves’ bull† (pg. 70, Chapter 7). Meerchaum- A claylike material consisting of hydrated magnesium silicate; A tobacco pipe with the bowl made from this. â€Å"Over old Tom’s unwhiskered cheek bones the skin was as brown as meerschaum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 71, Chapter 8). Citadel- A fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city. â€Å"She seemed to know, to accept, to welcome her position, the citadel of the family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 74, Chapter 8).Jabbering- talk rapidly and excitedly but with little sense; fast, excited talk that makes little sense. â₠¬Å"All over the State, jabbering in the Hoovervilles† (pg. 237, Chapter 19). 10. A). Why were the deputies corrupting the law and treating the Okies unfairly? B). What the importance of keeping the family together even though Tom killed another man and was on the run from the law? C). Did Rose of Sharon do any real sin that would result in her having a still born baby? D). Was it right of Casy to give himself up for Tom, just so he could get in trouble with the law again? E). What was the outcome of the Dust Bowl? Grapes of Wrath Steven Messner November 1, 2012 Changes Along the Road John Steinbeck’s book, The Grapes of Wrath, shows the audience future changes in America, namely the coming Industrial Revolution, and the conflict between the locals and the Okies. These themes are supported by subplots of desperation, hunger, and the upcoming change in America. These subplots are particularly highlighted and illustrated in chapters 11 and 21. Steinbeck begins chapter 11 with a metaphor illustrating the coming change in the United States.The Industrial Revolution was coming and Steinbeck used this metaphor to show how machines would change the way the farmers lived their life. Steinbeck used this chapter not only for a picture of their vacant homes but as future inference for the coming times of disconnect between farmers and their land. â€Å"So easy that the wonder goes out of work, so efficient that the wonder goes out of the land and working it, and with the wonder the deep understanding and the rela tion† (115) Farming, to Steinbeck, was not just a way that crops were produced, but a lifestyle.Steinbeck understood that the little things mattered to farmers and their industry. Things like the way that land was worked from generation to generation, the care and dedication that were put into the seasonal turning of the soil, and rotating the crops to make sure the land stayed well. All these things were, for the farmer, not simply for this short benefit, but supported his long term goals. His love for the land caused the land to love him back. Steinbeck understood this relationship between the farmers and the land.The coming Industrial Revolution would change this relationship between farmers and their land. The way of life for these farmers was changing before their very eyes. The dedication and care that farmers once needed would be swept away. â€Å"And in the tractor man there grows the contempt that comes only to a stranger who has little understand and no relationâ₠¬  (115) Steinbeck is touching on the idea that once the farming industry is revolutionized, there would no longer be a need for small family farmers. When the industry is revolutionized, large companies would be able to farm great amounts of land.They would be able to mass produce crops, with little concern for quality, and ultimately, the quality of the soil itself would deplete. â€Å"When the corrugated iron doors are shut, he goes home, and his home is not the land. † (116) The revolution would not treat the land as sacred, and the close relationship between farmers and their land would be over. In chapter 21 Steinbeck once again illustrates his larger themes using the â€Å"migrants† and the changes they undergo during their journey. He uses the migrant’s story to further illustrate his negative feelings towards big industry.In this chapter, he moves along in time to show how big industry is taking away from the country as a whole. Steinbeck opens the cha pter by comparing the farmers who started this journey across the country and the migrants who are on the same journey now. The journey has changed these people before their very own eyes. This was a change that the â€Å"Okies† had to make no matter what. These people experienced being hungry for the first time, seeing their children go hungry and not be able to do anything about it. This would undoubtedly change a man forever. Change did indeed occur.The Okies grew angry and mean towards the locals. The local people lived in fear of the Okies. The locals knew that there was nothing on this earth that could keep the Okies away from their food and land. This began to ferment a problem between the locals and the Okies. â€Å"When there was work for a man, ten men fought for it- fought with a low wage. † (283) This illustrated the fact that one Okie would seemingly always charge less to work than another in order to keep a job. When there are ten men fighting for the job , the wages go from 25 cents to just working for food.This was beneficial for the owner because wages stayed so low. The Okies didn’t believe their circumstances could become any worse; however they would soon find out how wrong they were. They had no idea of the upcoming problems they would face with the large canneries. â€Å"And when the peaches were ripe he cut the price of fruit below the cost of raising it. And as cannery owner he paid himself a low price for the fruit and kept the price of canned goods up and took his profit. † (283-284) This was a dramatic economic challenge for the Okies.I believe at this point they realize things would never get back to the old ways. The way they lived their lives would be forever different. They were forced back on the road, and back to search for food. â€Å"The great companies did not know that the line between hunger and anger is a thin line† (284) â€Å"On the highways the people moved like ants and searched for work, for food. And the anger began to ferment† (284) Steinbeck points towards his feeling that big industry ruined the life of these people forever. The changes that Steinbeck illustrates are not just temporary, but permanent and life changing.These changes in industry would change the way the entire nation functions. The way people are used to living would be revolutionized. The people who aren’t ready to accept this change or are unaware how to accept these changes would be left behind. When looking back at both of these chapters, and understanding the negative changes, we see some irony in the way Steinbeck structured this book. These small chapters, in between the longer ones, gave Steinbeck a chance to not only give setting, but also to express his opinions of the current state of events though his metaphors.He used the small chapters of 11 and 21 to depict a scene the Okies were fleeing. They were leaving Oklahoma with the hope that California would somehow save them. â€Å"I like to think how nice it's gonna be, maybe, in California. Never cold. An' fruit ever'place, an' people just bein' in the nicest places, little white houses in among the orange trees. I wonder–that is, if we can all get jobs an' all work–maybe we can get one of them little white houses. An' the little fellas go out an' pick oranges right off the tree. † (91)The Okies believe they would find an area of California that would allow them to get back to their old ways of farming, and sadly, this simply would not happen. The Okies were running to a hopeful scene, while this hopeful scene was running from them. â€Å"Wonder if we'll ever get in a place where folks can live ‘thout fightin' hard scrabble an' rocks. I seen pitchers of a country flat an' green, an' with little houses like Ma says, white. Ma got her heart set on a white house. Get to thinkin' they ain't no such country. I seen pitchers like that. â€Å"Pa said, â€Å"Wait till we get to California.You'll see nice country then. â€Å"Jesus Christ, Pa! This here is California. † (204) They begin to realize, there really is nowhere left to run. In conclusion, I believe that in Chapters 11 and 21 the Joads were used as a metaphor for America. The Joads, like much of America, were not ready to accept the upcoming changes, and they were not prepared to deal with the disasters they had along the way. Ultimately, their journey was unsuccessful. They lost members of their family, animals, and friends. The Joads, like much of America, had lost their entire way of life.

Case Analysis: the Bribery Scandal at Siemens AG

The Siemens bribery scandal brought to light a strategic dilemma facing multi-national firms attempting to gain a competitive edge by operating abroad; specifically, how can they balance adherence to their own ethical and legal standards with the customs required to do business efficiently, or perhaps at all, in foreign markets? Germany’s Co-Determination law has since drawn intense criticism as hampering competitiveness and creating untenable situations for management, rife with conflict-of-interest issues, not only because of Siemens, but also because of the number of other German-based companies accused of bribing labor union representatives. The forced resignation of CEO, Klaus Kleinfeld, despite the resulting success during his tenure, illustrates the predicament international managers face with regard to conflicting operational methods, and leads us to larger questions about accountability within an organization. As the case study author states, the Siemens scandal is representative of what many firms believe is the inevitable â€Å"ethical cost of intense competition in global markets†, particularly emerging markets, where payments for contracts are described as common place and perhaps even required. ?Perhaps the most glaringly problematic observation remains that the Siemens AG top management claims that they failed to notice rampant, and arguably conspicuous embezzlement leading to lucrative foreign contracts. Are there flaws in the German System of Corporate Governance? The 2007 scandal resulting in charges against Siemens’ Chief of Information Technology, Johannes Feldmayer, and Chief of Finance, Karl-Hermann Baumann, was rooted in illegal payments designed to work around German corporate governance laws. In this instance, IG Metall complained that Siemens was illegally funding smaller, rival union, AUB, in an attempt to grow and cultivate it as an ally against IG Metall in the bargaining process. This scandal marked the beginning of the unearthing of unethical behaviors in other German-based firms that have since lead to criticism that the Co-Determination law is antiquated and hampers competitiveness. The Co-Determination law was designed to provide a mechanism for worker participation in management decision-making via a two-tiered system with a supervisory board having oversight of the management board. Critics, however, argue that the law, in fact, limits the management board’s ability to make strategic decisions due to the control exerted by labor holding 50% of the seats on the supervisory board. I agree with the author’s statement that this creates, â€Å"a suspicious alliance between the management and the labor representatives†. The end result was often agreements made prior to the official meetings to facilitate outcomes favorable to management. Although the law was meant to bring balance to the corporate governance structure, I would argue that the potential for corruption of the labor representatives, or on the other end of the spectrum, obstruction of the management board, has a destabilizing effect likely to manifest in questionable and dysfunctional partnerships, such as was the case with Siemens. Another component of the Co-Determination law prevents selection of supervisory board members who are non-German, regardless of the expertise or perspective they could bring to the table. Naturally, the result is a limited, often recurring, and potentially like-minded pool of candidates, which the author points out, may have contributed to the ousting of Kleinfeld. The facts presented indicate that the lion’s share of the bribery scandal took place under Heinrich von Pierer, who was the CEO from 1992 until 2005, and the supervisory board chairman from 2005 to 2007. Kleinfeld took over in 2005 and, within a period of only two years, had accomplished a remarkable and profitable restructuring, as evidenced by a 26% increase in the stock price. This was not without growing pains, however, as it is speculated that Kleinfeld’s aggressive management style, often described as â€Å"American†, did not meet with the approval of the more conservative supervisory board. As such, analysts opined that the bribery scandal was used as an opportunity to remove Kleinfeld, citing the need for a â€Å"new beginning†. I agree that this is likely the case. The growth under Kleinfeld was impressive, particularly given the timeframe. Furthermore, the timing of the actual instances of bribery put them squarely during von Pierer’s tenure as CEO; and he had already stepped down from the supervisory board. Nevertheless, under the power granted by the Co-Determination law, the supervisory board opted to bring in a new CEO, Peter Loescher, indicating, in my opinion, that its issue with Kleinfeld was not performance based. Why Such Risky Business? The history of Siemens AG paints a picture of a successful and arguably dominant multi-national firm, with a reputation for a war chest of competencies and innovative products. The obvious question, then, is why would a firm with this resume and list of global achievements become involved with corruption and criminal behavior? The author recounts the opinions of analysts who believe the answer is simple; many firms view the types of payments at the heart of the Siemens scandal to be the necessary cost of doing business in the current global environment. At first glance, the facts of this case may seem to support this theory. There were â‚ ¬420 million of questionable payments made over a seven year period from 1999 to 2006. Official Siemens records showed the payments as having gone to external consultants. It was determined, however, that they were actually paid to foreign purchasing officials and that the expenditures coincided with the procurement of â€Å"fixed line telecommunications business in various international markets†, including Italy, Puerto Rico, Greece, and the United States. By March of 2007, two former Siemens managers were convicted of embezzlement of company funds for the purpose of bribing foreign officials. The employees argued that their actions did not violate any laws, resulted in no personal gain, and were taken solely for the purpose of improving Siemens’ positioning. They argued that they worked, only to secure a lucrative deal in which the payments were required by Enel management as part of the standard bid process. In fact, Siemens AG argued that the court order requiring forfeiture of earnings from the contract, prior to 2002 when the German government instituted a law prohibiting bribes to private officials abroad, specifically, had no basis in law. As previously stated, these events may appear to support the case in favor of questionable payments and loose ethical boundaries as a necessary cost of business. It is my opinion, however, that these events illustrate a flawed management culture and strategy. They are evidence of a system where a focus on true technological innovation has given way to a focus on unfettered expansion, and the unnatural duplication of the monopolistic type control over infrastructure in developing countries that was enjoyed during previous decades in other parts of the now industrialized world. If Siemens had bolstered their technologically competitive strength, they would not need to rely so heavily on their financial strength to gain entry into markets. Is this the New Cost of Doing Business? The fact that Siemens top management continue to take the official position that, despite the scope, depth, and intricacies of the bribery scandal, they had no knowledge of it remains difficult to explain. Further, they take no responsibility, save acknowledgement that they lacked adequate internal compliance systems. I find the truthfulness of this position to be of remote possibility due to the conspicuousness and magnitude of the payments, as well as their direct correlation with the securing of highly lucrative contracts. Moreover, the idea that entire sections of Siemens’ managers were of the character that they would be comfortable blatantly committing criminal acts for the sole benefit of their employer, but not themselves, I find to be quite counter-intuitive. The debate over whether events such as those unearthed at Siemens are part of the usual and customary cost of doing business abroad must be framed in terms of the complete denial of culpability by the top management. A legitimate, above-board expense is accounted for, tracked, and justified; this is the case even when it is outside the norms of the firm’s home country. It is not hidden from shareholders. A buffer of scapegoat-able employees need not lie between it and top management. If a light cannot be readily shown upon it, I believe it is without question, unethical. Whether or not it is illegal, however, depends upon the laws in the countries the firm is operating in. I could conceive of a situation where a firm could distribute cash â€Å"incentive† payments openly, on the books, as well as legally. In addition, firms have other options. They could improve their offerings to increase the competitiveness of the bid, and/or structure them with above-board incentives. They could operate with a clear and unwavering zero-tolerance policy for bribery; recognizing that it will be necessary to educate those conducting bid processes in markets where it is believed to be common to expect questionable payments. A firm could also exercise patience, and restraint, and be willing to walk away from markets requiring participation in corrupt processes. The Kleinfeld Conclusion. The Siemens AG supervisory board did provide adequate justification for the decision not to renew Kleinfeld’s contract, due to the scandals breaking during his time as CEO; yet, I believe that they were wrong in doing so in light of his track record of impressive and expedient accomplishments. Though his termination clearly pleased the board, unless Mr. Loescher is able to maintain the growth trajectory set by Kleinfeld, I believe his departure will not inspire confidence from management or shareholders. This is of concern because confidence has a direct impact on value, which could make it harder to move beyond the bribery scandal. Was it Worth It? One question still remains: was Siemens really at fault, given the apparent prevalence of these sorts of issues among other German companies; or was their only sin gett ing caught? It is my opinion that the magnitude of the â€Å"bribing† which took place at Siemens made it highly unlikely that knowledge of it would stay buried. I believe Siemens had to have anticipated this, hence the buffer between top management and the â€Å"bribers†. I believe they made a calculated business decision that whatever the consequence may ultimately be, it was a greater benefit to get a foot hold in the infrastructure of those markets. In short, yes, Siemens is to blame, and yes, they are okay with it.

Organ Trafficking Law - 2609 Words

Organ Trafficking – Law Organ transplantation is an effective therapy for end-stage organ failure and is widely used around the world. According to WHO, kidney transplants are carried out in 91 countries. Around 66 000 kidney transplants, 21000 liver transplants and 6000 heart transplants were performed globally in 2005. The access of patients to organ transplantation varies to the national situations, and is determined by the cost of healthcare, the level of technology advance and the availability of organs. The shortage of organs is a universal problem. In some countries, the development of a deceased organ donation program is hampered by sociocultural, legal and other factors. In this paper, organ transplantation will be discussed†¦show more content†¦Profit motivated facilitators negotiate most transactions, donor compensation are extremely low. Transplant tourism has also harms global public health policies. The underground market impedes the success of legal organ donation frameworks. SOLUTIONS Countries have implemented legislative regimes to address both organ trafficking and human trafficking for organ removal. Aims to eliminate the cause of organ trafficking by reducing the organ shortage. Seeks to eliminate the affects by targeting associated criminal activities. http://lawdigitalcommons.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3324context=bclr For an act to be considered human trafficking, it must comprise the three constituent elements and one element from each must be present for trafficking to occur: (1) action (recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or reception of persons); (2) through means of (threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or giving payments of benefits to a person in control of the victim): and (3) goals (for exploitation or the purpose for exploitation which includes exploiting the prostitution of others, other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or similar practices, and the removal of organs). India remains a popular destination for both purchase and transplace, and buyers come from India’s middle class and from around the world include the US, Canada, England and countries inShow MoreRelatedOrgan Trafficking1465 Words   |  6 PagesGAC015 Assessment Event 4: Academic Research Essay Organ Trafficking Students Name: Mary Jin Student ID #: JPCH21571 Teacher: John Due Date: 2013.2.25 Word Count: 1164 Question: In many countries organ trafficking is illegal, yet the incidence is on the increasing. Examine the legal, ethical and sociological issues involved in procuring human organs for transplant operations, comparing two countries with very different approaches. Read MoreOrgan Trafficking : A Large Problem1446 Words   |  6 PagesIllegal organ trafficking has become a large problem all over the world. The traffickers are commonly attacking the poor and promising them money but it never ends up being the correct amount. Commonly doctors and pharmaceutical companies overlook the illegal trade of the organs because they receiving money from the transplants. Organ trafficking takes place in three broad categories. The first one is organ traffickers will force or trick the individual into giving up an organ. Secondly the victimRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Is The Illegal Trade Of Human Organs For Transplantation1198 Words   |  5 PagesOrgan Trafficking, also known as transplant tourism is the illegal trade of human organs for transplantation. (UNOFC,2016). On the other hand, organ donation is the act of transplanting healthy organs and tissues from one person to another (Medline Plus,2015). It is no secret that organ supply cannot meet the ris ing demand, and because of that a global organ transplant black market has grown and flourished(Glaser,2005). Although there has been some effort to establish a global organ transplant resolutionRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagestotal, Im worth about $300,000 on the organ market. The organ trade is one of the fastest growing and least enforced trafficking crimes throughout the globe today (Glazer 341). Sarah Glazer claims in Organ Trafficking that 5,000 to 10,000 of the 100,000 transplanted organs are obtained illegally each year (341). Although the laws passed and organizations founded have delayed the escalation of organ trafficking, the selling and distribution of compensated organs should remain illegal and suppressedRead MoreEssay on Human Organ Trafficking1283 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Organ Trafficking There are many problems with global crimes. What holds these crimes together isn’t because people around the world are committing the same crimes, it’s because these criminals have created global organizations that have ties in all the corners of the world. 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This type of criminalization is often one that is overlooked, most people believing that it is some sort of â€Å"myth,† or that this type of action happens to very few, and is only part of developing countries. However, the truth of the matter is that human trafficking occurs everywhere in the world, even the most successful countries. Human trafficking can occur in many different forms, however, there are very few laws implementing protection for thoseRead MoreOrgan Trafficking Position Paper (Russia)1565 Words   |  7 Pages3%). ‘ Topic: Organ Trafficking Along with the spectacular progress in human organ transplantation, swift globalization has caused the creation of a new menacing market for illegal trafficking of human organs. Most of these organs that are traded in this black-market are purchased from donors of developing countries who try to clear their debt with the money they received for their organs. The customers of the organs usually come from developed nations because the process of organ transplantationRead MoreChinese People And Government Participates In Organ Trafficking.1150 Words   |  5 Pagesgovernment participates in organ trafficking. The people cannot admit to doing such a thing as it violates the Temporary Rules Concern in the Utilization of Corpses or Organs from the Corpses of Executed Prisoners Act, which was enacted in 1984. The act states that â€Å"the use of organs of executed criminals must be kept strictly secret, and attention must be paid to avoid negative repercussions.† (Glaser 20) The fight against The Declaration of Istanbul on Organ Trafficking and Transplant Tourism cameRead MoreCreating Stricter Policies That Charge The State For Hosting These Procedures Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagespaper I observed the issues with the organ trafficking crisis and decided to brainstorm some aspect of the CPS process I came up with two alternatives. One is to establish a committee dedicated to education, enforcement and providing outreach for the affected would make a difference overtime. The use of IDEO’s creative process allows for an in depth look at the issue and a solution from different views of people. In States that have increase cases of organ trafficking lack education to its citizens. These