What a Main Idea Is and How to Find It

What a Main Idea Is and How to Find It Inquiries concerning the fundamental thought of a section are famous on perusing cognizance tests, however now and again, those inquiries are entirely hard to reply, particularly for understudies who are not totally sure they comprehend what the primary thought truly is. Finding the principle thought of a passage or longer entry of text is one of the most significant perusing abilities to ace, alongside ideas like creation a derivation, finding the creators reason, or understanding jargon words in setting. Here are a couple of procedures to help get what, precisely, is a fundamental thought and how to distinguish it precisely in an entry. Step by step instructions to Define the Main Idea The fundamental thought of a section is the essential point or idea that the writer needs to convey to the perusers about the theme. Consequently, in a section, when the fundamental thought is expressed straightforwardly, it is communicated in what is known as the theme sentence. It gives the general thought of what the passage is about and is upheld by the subtleties in ensuing sentences in the section. In a multi-section article, the primary thought is communicated in the postulation proclamation, which is then bolstered by individual littler focuses. Think about the primary thought as a brief yet comprehensive outline. It covers everything the passage discusses in a general manner, however does exclude the points of interest. Those subtleties will come in later sentences or sections and include subtlety and setting; the principle thought will require those subtleties to help its contention. For instance, envision a paper talking about the reasons for World War I. One section may be devoted to the job that government played in the contention. The fundamental thought of this section may be something like: Constant rivalry for enormous domains prompted expanding pressures in Europe that in the long run ejected into World War I. The remainder of the passage may investigate what those particular pressures were, who was included, and why the nations were looking for domains, yet the fundamental thought just presents the all-encompassing contention of the segment. At the point when a creator doesn't express the principle thought directly,â it should even now be inferred, and is called a suggested fundamental thought. This necessitates the peruser take a gander at the substance at explicit words, sentences, pictures that are utilized and rehashed to reason what the creator is imparting. The most effective method to Find the Main Idea Finding the primary thought is basic to understanding what you are perusing. It enables the subtleties to bode well and have significance, and gives a structure to recollecting the substance. Attempt these particular tips to pinpoint the primary thought of an entry. 1) Identify the Topic Peruse the entry through totally, at that point attempt to recognize the subject. Who or what is the section about? This part is simply making sense of a subject like reason for World War I or new hearing gadgets; dont stress yet over choosing what contention the section is making about this theme. 2) Summarize the Passage Subsequent to perusing the entry altogether, sum up it in your own words in a single sentence. Imagine you have only ten to twelve words to mention to somebody what the entry is about-what might you say? 3) Look at the First and Last Sentences of the Passage Writers frequently put the fundamental thought in or close either the first or last sentence of the section or article, so segregate those sentences to check whether they bode well as the all-encompassing topic of the entry. Be cautious: in some cases the creator will utilize words like be that as it may, however,â in differentiate, in any case, and so forth that demonstrate that the subsequent sentence is really the primary thought. In the event that you see one of these words that nullify or qualify the primary sentence, that is a sign that the subsequent sentence is the fundamental thought. 4) Look for Repetition of Ideas In the event that you read through a section and you have no clue about how to sum up it in light of the fact that there is so much data, begin searching for rehashed words, states, or related thoughts. Peruse this model section: Another meeting gadget utilizes a magnet to hold the separable sound-handling segment set up. Like different guides, it changes over sound into vibrations, yet it is remarkable in that it can transmit the vibrations legitimately to the magnet and afterward to the internal ear. This creates a more clear stable. The new gadget won't help all meeting weakened individuals just those with a conference misfortune brought about by contamination or some other issue in the center ear. It will likely assistance close to 20 percent surprisingly with hearing issues. Those individuals who have industrious ear contaminations, in any case, should discover help and reestablished hearing with the new gadget. What does this section reliably talk about? Another meeting gadget. What is it attempting to pass on? Another meeting gadget is currently accessible for a few, yet not all, hearing-weakened individuals. That is the fundamental thought! Keep away from Main Idea Mistakes Picking a primary thought from a lot of answer decisions is not quite the same as making a fundamental thought all alone. Journalists of various decision testsâ are frequently precarious and will give you distractor questions that sound a lot of like the genuine answer. By perusing the section completely, utilizing your aptitudes, and recognizing the primary thought all alone, however, you can abstain from committing these 3 regular errors: choosing an answer that is excessively limited in scope; choosing an answer that is excessively expansive; or choosing an answer that is perplexing yet in opposition to the principle idea.â Assets and Further Reading Step by step instructions to Find a Stated Main IdeaHow to Find an Implied Main IdeaFinding the Main Idea PracticeFinding Main Ideas In Paragraphs,â http://english.glendale.cc.ca.us/topic.htmlFinding the Main Idea, Columbia College Refreshed by Amanda Prahl

Social Campaign Reports Measure Your Strategys Impact in CoSchedule

Social Campaign Reports Measure Your Strategys Impact in Information demonstrates the ROI of the work you do. (marvelous) The dull procedure of †¦.compiling statsâ from your LinkedIn, Pinterest, Twitter, and FB stages †¦.sifting through lines of information in your â€Å"oh-so-lovely† spreadsheets†¦ looking at AND getting a handle on for relationships Lastly putting those details into something your group can *actually* get it? ^ not all that wonderful. Let’s make this procedure less excruciating (and tedious), will we? Presenting ’s most up to date detailing expansion:  Social Campaign Reports. With Social Campaign Reports, you and your group can: Assess crusade execution over numerous systems (in one spot). Join battle information from Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn and Pinterest in one report. So you can check the accomplishment of your most recent occasion advancement, item dispatch, or other explicit crusades across internet based life. Wipe out those â€Å"gut feelings† and utilize hard information to settle on vital choices. Gain admittance to execution measurements that assist you with dissecting patterns, distinguish issue zones, and consistently refine your social substance. Rapidly pinpoint connections between's two crusades with next to each other correlations. Look at comparative social battles or presents one next to the other on test what’s working (and what isn’t). So you can consistently adjust your informing for your developing crowd. What's more, make introduction prepared reports to impart to your group and VPs. Provide information driven input to your representatives and characterize your promoting choices to your CEO with measurements and examination individuals can really comprehend. Here’s how

Weve Updated Our Zapier Integration! - Focus

We’ve Updated Our Zapier Integration! - Focus MeisterTask just updated its Zapier integration, and the result… magic! Users can now create Zaps that are packed with additional information, such as: attachments, due date, tags and completion prompts!   Quick Recap If you’ve never come across or used Zapier before, it’s probably good to get you up to speed by first giving you a quick overview. We’ve created a little Zapier glossary just for that purpose. It will not only help you understand the terminology, but it will also give you a general idea of how it actually works. Zapier Glossary Zapier is a web-based service that offers end-users (like you and me) and easy solution to automate certain parts of your workflow. Certain tasks require the help of two or three different programs in order to be completed. Say you need to create a task every time someone fills in a contact form on your website. This is a manual and time-consuming process. But, using Zapier to connect MeisterTask to your form tool can automate this step. You can do this for another 1,500 applications with Zapier, not just your email client. What’s more, you don’t need any coding or programming experience to do so! Automate is a word used to describe the action of programming a machine or computer to do something instead of a person doing it manually. Think of a chatbot as an example. A lot of chatbots are programmed to send an automatic reply whenever a customer sends a message. The action of sending the reply is what’s been automated.   Workflow is the name given to the entire process that a piece of work goes through from initiation to completion. An example of a basic workflow is: when this happens (choose app event) then do this. Zap is what you call the step or action in your workflow that you’ve chosen to automate using Zapier. Trigger is the prompt that signals your Zap to begin automating a step. It could be a potential customer filling out a contact form for Sales. Action is what you call the result that you want out of your Zap â€" an email sent, a post published or task created.   In a nutshell, MeisterTask’s Zapier integration means that users have access to a multitude of applications so that they can automate recurring steps in their workflow. This means less manual work and more time to focus on the projects that are really important to you. See… magic! So What’s New? What does this particular update mean? It means you now have more options available to you when it comes to creating MeisterTask Zaps on Zapier. We’ve added in additional data points (sounds very technical) which means that you have endless configuration options. More robust and content-rich tasks. More dynamic and customized workflows. Here are the updates in a little more detail: Zap Your Tasks to Completion You can now create a Zap that will change a task’s status. This means, no more going into MeisterTask to manually mark a task as complete, archived or trashed. Why would I want to do that?   Say you’ve integrated Zapier with your company Facebook account, and each task in your MeisterTask project represents a Facebook post. Up until now, you’ve been able to automate that: the task description becomes the post text the task attachments become the post image   when the task is moved into a particular section on your project board, the post gets published So your Facebook post was published and your work completed. But you still had to go back into MeisterTask and mark the task complete. Not anymore! Add another level to your Zap and this, too, will be automated for you.     MeisterTip: For the Facebook-averse out there, this was just an example, and also works with tons of other apps. Try having a sent email or finished calendar event mark a task as complete. Use a Zap to Add Attachments to Tasks Automatically Who would need to use this? Anyone, but one prime example is someone who works in finance. The end of every month for someone working in finance often means an inbox flooded with invoices. Keeping track of what’s been settled versus what still needs to be paid is hard enough without the added risk of missing something that could result in a key supplier not getting paid.   So much time spent sifting through emails, requesting invoices, and sending replies.  Don’t forget about manually uploading all invoices to your MeisterTask accounts project. This can all be grouped into work that needs to get done before the actual work gets done. But with Zapier, and MeisterTask’s new integration update, this can all be automated. Simply create a Zap that can do this for you! You Can Add More Info to Tasks That You Create On Zapier Such as due date and custom fields. Once upon a time, adding a due date to a task created using Zapier had to be done separately on MeisterTask, after the task had been added to your project. Those days are over. Our new update allows you to add your due date directly into the Zap you’re creating. Set incoming sales leads for follow up as soon as they’re added to your project board by using this Zap: Also pre-fill in your custom fields â€" with an email address or a phone number perhaps? All that is now available directly from the Zap dialog. Filter Tasks By Tags If you’ve added tags to your project in MeisterTask, you can now filter by those tags when creating a Zap on Zapier. How would one use this? Well here’s a great example: If you, like so many others, use MeisterTask to manage your social media content calendar, you probably have a project dedicated to this with a specific section for “to be published”. You probably also use tags, either to differentiate the type of content (video, tweet, post, etc.) or to represent the different platforms (Twitter, Facebook etc.). Gathering everything you need for a social media post often involves multiple team members or departments â€" a picture or video from graphics, a clever caption from marketing and input from the online marketing team regarding whether or not it will be “boosted”. Once tasks have been through this workflow and moved into the “to be published” section, your social media manager probably had to physically log in to the social media platform and manually publish the post. Now, Zapier allows you to automate this step. If you filter by tags according to type of content or platform, you’ll ensure that the right content always gets posted to the right platform. ProTip: Don’t have a Zapier account yet? Sign up now, it’s free! Monitor Tracked Time If you track time, this update is for you. We’ve added in a time tracking field to tasks created on Zapier â€" an additional data point for us, more customization options for you. First, you can get information about the amount of time spent on tasks. But wait, there’s more â€" you can also trigger emails to get sent the minute a task exceeds a certain amount of time. Use this template below or, alternatively, create your own:   And Finally: A New Trigger Helps You Stay Informed Last but certainly not least, our new Zapier update allows you to make sure that you remain on top of and informed about changes and updates made to work that you are interested in. This is because we know how easy it is for important updates to get lost in the noise of everything else.   Create a Zap that’ll trigger every time changes are made to a task that you’re following: like an sms or an instant message for every new comment. The sky’s the limit. To create this Zap, all you have to do is select “new comment” from the trigger event dropdown (pictured above). Then, select the application that best suits your notification preferences (email, sms, instant message). Viola.   Here’s a Zap template to help you get started: We’ve Updated Our Zapier Integration! - Focus MeisterTask just updated its Zapier integration, and the result… magic! Users can now create Zaps that are packed with additional information, such as: attachments, due date, tags and completion prompts!   Quick Recap If you’ve never come across or used Zapier before, it’s probably good to get you up to speed by first giving you a quick overview. We’ve created a little Zapier glossary just for that purpose. It will not only help you understand the terminology, but it will also give you a general idea of how it actually works. Zapier Glossary Zapier is a web-based service that offers end-users (like you and me) and easy solution to automate certain parts of your workflow. Certain tasks require the help of two or three different programs in order to be completed. Say you need to create a task every time someone fills in a contact form on your website. This is a manual and time-consuming process. But, using Zapier to connect MeisterTask to your form tool can automate this step. You can do this for another 1,500 applications with Zapier, not just your email client. What’s more, you don’t need any coding or programming experience to do so! Automate is a word used to describe the action of programming a machine or computer to do something instead of a person doing it manually. Think of a chatbot as an example. A lot of chatbots are programmed to send an automatic reply whenever a customer sends a message. The action of sending the reply is what’s been automated.   Workflow is the name given to the entire process that a piece of work goes through from initiation to completion. An example of a basic workflow is: when this happens (choose app event) then do this. Zap is what you call the step or action in your workflow that you’ve chosen to automate using Zapier. Trigger is the prompt that signals your Zap to begin automating a step. It could be a potential customer filling out a contact form for Sales. Action is what you call the result that you want out of your Zap â€" an email sent, a post published or task created.   In a nutshell, MeisterTask’s Zapier integration means that users have access to a multitude of applications so that they can automate recurring steps in their workflow. This means less manual work and more time to focus on the projects that are really important to you. See… magic! So What’s New? What does this particular update mean? It means you now have more options available to you when it comes to creating MeisterTask Zaps on Zapier. We’ve added in additional data points (sounds very technical) which means that you have endless configuration options. More robust and content-rich tasks. More dynamic and customized workflows. Here are the updates in a little more detail: Zap Your Tasks to Completion You can now create a Zap that will change a task’s status. This means, no more going into MeisterTask to manually mark a task as complete, archived or trashed. Why would I want to do that?   Say you’ve integrated Zapier with your company Facebook account, and each task in your MeisterTask project represents a Facebook post. Up until now, you’ve been able to automate that: the task description becomes the post text the task attachments become the post image   when the task is moved into a particular section on your project board, the post gets published So your Facebook post was published and your work completed. But you still had to go back into MeisterTask and mark the task complete. Not anymore! Add another level to your Zap and this, too, will be automated for you.     MeisterTip: For the Facebook-averse out there, this was just an example, and also works with tons of other apps. Try having a sent email or finished calendar event mark a task as complete. Use a Zap to Add Attachments to Tasks Automatically Who would need to use this? Anyone, but one prime example is someone who works in finance. The end of every month for someone working in finance often means an inbox flooded with invoices. Keeping track of what’s been settled versus what still needs to be paid is hard enough without the added risk of missing something that could result in a key supplier not getting paid.   So much time spent sifting through emails, requesting invoices, and sending replies.  Don’t forget about manually uploading all invoices to your MeisterTask accounts project. This can all be grouped into work that needs to get done before the actual work gets done. But with Zapier, and MeisterTask’s new integration update, this can all be automated. Simply create a Zap that can do this for you! You Can Add More Info to Tasks That You Create On Zapier Such as due date and custom fields. Once upon a time, adding a due date to a task created using Zapier had to be done separately on MeisterTask, after the task had been added to your project. Those days are over. Our new update allows you to add your due date directly into the Zap you’re creating. Set incoming sales leads for follow up as soon as they’re added to your project board by using this Zap: Also pre-fill in your custom fields â€" with an email address or a phone number perhaps? All that is now available directly from the Zap dialog. Filter Tasks By Tags If you’ve added tags to your project in MeisterTask, you can now filter by those tags when creating a Zap on Zapier. How would one use this? Well here’s a great example: If you, like so many others, use MeisterTask to manage your social media content calendar, you probably have a project dedicated to this with a specific section for “to be published”. You probably also use tags, either to differentiate the type of content (video, tweet, post, etc.) or to represent the different platforms (Twitter, Facebook etc.). Gathering everything you need for a social media post often involves multiple team members or departments â€" a picture or video from graphics, a clever caption from marketing and input from the online marketing team regarding whether or not it will be “boosted”. Once tasks have been through this workflow and moved into the “to be published” section, your social media manager probably had to physically log in to the social media platform and manually publish the post. Now, Zapier allows you to automate this step. If you filter by tags according to type of content or platform, you’ll ensure that the right content always gets posted to the right platform. ProTip: Don’t have a Zapier account yet? Sign up now, it’s free! Monitor Tracked Time If you track time, this update is for you. We’ve added in a time tracking field to tasks created on Zapier â€" an additional data point for us, more customization options for you. First, you can get information about the amount of time spent on tasks. But wait, there’s more â€" you can also trigger emails to get sent the minute a task exceeds a certain amount of time. Use this template below or, alternatively, create your own:   And Finally: A New Trigger Helps You Stay Informed Last but certainly not least, our new Zapier update allows you to make sure that you remain on top of and informed about changes and updates made to work that you are interested in. This is because we know how easy it is for important updates to get lost in the noise of everything else.   Create a Zap that’ll trigger every time changes are made to a task that you’re following: like an sms or an instant message for every new comment. The sky’s the limit. To create this Zap, all you have to do is select “new comment” from the trigger event dropdown (pictured above). Then, select the application that best suits your notification preferences (email, sms, instant message). Viola.   Here’s a Zap template to help you get started:

Real World Colonial South Gender Relationships - 1169 Words

Real World Colonial South: Gender Relationships in the Colonial South William Byrd: plantation owner, financier, cheater and the main character in his own mind. Just like the MTV show â€Å"The Real World,† consequences are thrown out the window and extreme freedom is given. From parties, to cheating on your wife in front of her, William Byrd gives insights of what it was like to be a man in the Colonial South. In selections from William Byrd’s journals, he writes how he treated others-women, slaves and anyone he thought was socially under him. Gender relationships in the Colonial South were relationships built on disrespect and dehumanization. Women in the Colonial South were poorly respected. William Byrd treated his wife with extreme disrespect. Throughout his journal, his wife goes unnamed, but he mentions his slaves by name and also his mistresses along with other female companions and male friends. Just by doing so he seems to not value his wife as a human. His attitude towards his wife seems to be one of disregard and disrespect. Along with Byrd not naming his wife in his journals, there is also insight through his entries that he thought of her as submissive and lacking of any power. He and his wife would get into fights, and she would not lose easily. Even though she would put up a great fight, he would then write in his journal how he overtook her with his power. When she would loose she would throw tantrums. He wrote in his journal entry dated September 3, 1709,Show MoreRelatedEncountering Development1547 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World † Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering development : the making and unmaking of the Third World. Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press. Goal: â€Å"That the essential trait of the Third World was its poverty and that the solution was economic growth and development became self-evident, necessary, and universal truths. 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Timeless Themes A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry

One of the most notable plays on the topic of racial minorities and family issues, A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, has continued to be popular since it was written in 1959. The play is about an African American family, consisting of five members, who live in Southside Chicago during the post-World-War-Two era. The Younger family is crowded in a tiny, worn, and shabby apartment and they are fairly poor. They never have much surplus money until Walter’s father, and Mama’s husband, died and the family received a life-insurance check for ten thousand dollars. The play follows the family’s journey through the fights and distress that come from suddenly obtaining a large amount of money and the differing opinions on how the money†¦show more content†¦Meanwhile, many white people started moving away from cities and into the suburb areas because of revolutionized housing developments that made standard, suburban homes affordable and the advancement of transportation that allowed people to live farther away from the cities while still enjoying its amenities (Kennedy, David M., Lizabeth Cohen, and Thomas Andrew Bailey). There were increases in the presence of minorities as they too moved into the congested cities and tensions rose as African Americans, Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, etc. competed for the same jobs and housing arrangements (Pacyga). Amiri Baraka observes in her critique, of A Raisin in the Sun, that, â€Å"[f]or many of us it wasand remainsthe quintessential civil rights drama.† Hansberry plays off these tensions in A Raisin in the Sun by having Mama purchase a home in Clyborne Park, a nearby neighborhood which, as Walter expresses, â€Å"Mama, there ain’t no colored folk in Clyborne Park† (Hansberry 1465). After the people in the neighborhood learn that an African American family is going to move into one of the local houses, they send a representative of the Clyborne Park Improvement Assoc iation, Karl Lindner, to attempt to buy the house back from the Youngers. Walter and Ruth are appalled by Lindner’s audacity and promptly tell him no and send him away. Hansberry includes the word â€Å"improvement† in association’s name to emphasize how strongly the neighborhood felt against whom they viewed as inferiorShow MoreRelatedA Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry2035 Words   |  8 PagesLorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun is a remarkable play written in 1959 by an African American author about an African American family. This time period was in the early days of the modern awakening of civil rights awareness. It was a timely play challenging the then current stereotypical view of a black family by depicting a realistic portrayal of a specific black family with aspirations, hopes, dreams, dignity, and ambition as would be expected from all families regardless of race. TheRead MoreA Raisin in the Sun Essay1752 Words   |  8 PagesA Raisin in the Sun Creativity of Hansberry played a crucial role in the development of African-American drama since the Second World War. A Raisin in the Sun was the first play by African-American author which was set on Broadway and was honored by the circle of New York theater critics. Drama of A Raisin in the Sun (1959) brought Hansberry to the Award Society of New York Critics as the best play of the year. A Raisin in the Sun shows the life of an ordinary African-American family which dreamsRead MoreEssay on Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun951 Words   |  4 PagesA Raisin in the Sun A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, illustrates the timeless struggle for the furtherance of family values and morals with extreme clarity. The play follows the life of a small black family’s struggle to keep their dreams from tenants to owners alive. These dreams, and the struggles necessary to reach them, as well as coming to terms with the dreams that are out of reach, are the focus and driving force behind this story of every persons struggle to achieve goalsRead MoreAmerican Dream in a Raisin in the Sun4319 Words   |  18 Pagesâ€Å"Harlem† captures the tension between the need for black expression and the impossibility of that expression because of American society’s oppression of its black population. In the poem, Hughes asks whether a â€Å"dream deferred† withers up â€Å"like a raisin in the sun.† His lines confront the racist, dehumanizing attitude prevalent in American society before the civil rights movement of the 1960s that black desires and ambitions were, at best, unimportant and should be ignored, and at worst, should be forcibly

Stone Cold Free Essays

Stone cold is a book written by Robert Swindells, the plot of the story is set on two people, one who is homeless (Link) and one who kills because he believes that the homeless ruin the place (Shelter). Robert Swindells is clever at writing the story, as he switches between the two characters link and shelter, the characters in the story are all different and lead very different lives, Shelter who used to be in the army left after problems, now he believes that he is still in the army and is on a mission to kill people especially homeless people on the streets, he makes his own recruits and then kills them brutally, he believes that he is making the place look tidier and cleaner. Then there is Link, Link has had a lot of trouble at home, and he has left his family and friends to lead a better life on the streets of London, though he is finding it hard to survive, and has had trouble rationing the money he had. We will write a custom essay sample on Stone Cold or any similar topic only for you Order Now He finds himself in London, he barely survives as he finds a bed mate called ginger, however when ginger suddenly disappears link is all back on his own in the great city of London, then he meets Gail, but then a again like all the people he meets, he finds that she is a reporter. Robert Swindells makes this book interesting, by making the suspense last, and he uses complex vocabulary to create an atmosphere, he brings shelter to life, he creates link by bringing him into shelter and into the insecure street life of London, he makes you feel sad and puts your feelings and puts them in the story, he makes you feel sorry of Link by showing and emphasizing that this boy is now on the streets as he has made a mess of his life. And now at the very end in London alone he lives, with a broken heart, no lover or friend, however he is now more street wise and he understands not to fall into the arms of anyone and get attached to soon. How to cite Stone Cold, Papers

Operational Management for Dummies †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Operational Management for Dummies. Answer: Introduction: In this report we are require to choose a business for further analysis. So we choose the business of restaurant. A restaurant is a place where people go for best dining experiences and entertainment in return they have to pay a certain amount for such entertainment and experience(Jeo Bastinich 2017). With the advancement of technology this industry has came out as one of the fastest growing industry in the worlds economy. United States is on number one with having the market size of restaurant industry of around 782$ billion dollars, on the second spot it is China with having 482$ billion dollars following to China there are a number of other countries like Japan, India, Brazil, United Kingdom with having more than 150$ billion dollar market size of restaurant industry(Bourdian 2015). By the year 2019 the revenue of this industry is expected to surpass 141$ billion dollars mark globally(Meyer 2010). A restaurant is place that provides high quality food and drink services to its cust omers. In this era of throat cutting competition every restaurant is working on the ways and techniques of improving the quality of the food and the ways in which they can perform different functions efficiently and effectively. Every restaurant around the world has to face different issues at different time; these issues can be menu issues, location issue, competition issue, price issues etc(Benjamin 2012). Every restaurant has operations manager that tries their best to minimize the waste and increase the efficiency of the organization so that it ultimately increases the profitability of the organization(Slack 2011). These operations managers have to face many challenges, some of these challenges are as under: Changing Technologies: This is the first most challengeable issue that has to face by the operations manager. Changing technologies are increasing the competition at such a fast pace that if the organization is not adapting such changes then they will certainly end up losing all their profits(Mceffe 2016). Changing technology is not only increasing competition but it is also increasing the confusion in the minds of the employees. As new technology is coming up with newer and newer hardwares and softwares, this soft/hardware are not easy to understand hence it creates a lots of confusion in the minds of the employees. Another issue of changing technology is the increase in the expenditure of the restaurant, installing newer technology means new expense for the organization. Now opening up a restaurant is not limited to foods and drinks only but only those restaurants are going to be successful that are having a strong financial back up plus those restaurants who are willing to change their structure and way of doing business as per the demand of the industry as this industry works in a dynamic environment that means which is constantly changing(Gr 2016). Continued Globalization: Globalization is process that enables a domestic organization to stretch its legs internationally; globalization has made it possible for every country no matter if it is 1rst world or the 2nd world to perform business operation internationally(Baghwat 2011). This process has emerged as a biggest threat for the Restaurant industry as there are no restrictions on the entrants in this industry. Globalization has increased the competition in terms of newer and newer cuisines, machinery equipments, efficient and effectiveness of doing business. In this industry only those players are going to rule and to stay, who are capable of surviving all these challenges(D'suza 2017). Changing Customer Expectations: Another issue or a challenge that is faced by the operations manager are is to cope up with the customers expectations. In this fast changing world where nothing is constant, the operation managers need to identity wastage area to eliminate them so that with that saved cost they can invent or introduce something as per the expectations of the consumers(Rodrik 2015). Customer expectations never remains constant, there are only 20 out of 100 customers that remains loyal to their brand and to their specific taste. All other keep on changing as per the fashion or the trend, so it is a major challenge that is faced by the operations manager of the restaurant to keep meeting the expectations of the customers to keep them happy and to maintain the profitability of the restaurant. Restaurant industry is the only industry that needs to keep on inventing new dishes, because the humans of 21rst century are way more habitual of changing their preferences and taste s. So in this industry only that player will make a room for itself that is capable of inventing newer and newer dishes. Changing Job Designs: Job designs means the structure of the work to meet the physical and behavioral needs of the employees, job designs are constantly changing with the increase in competition, earlier employees were trained to perform only the tasks that were relevant to their fields but now each and every employee whether they are in restaurant industry or in any other industry is multi trained for performing multi-tasking(G 2014). This constantly changing job designs has made the operations manager more concerned about efficiency and affectivity of the employees and the work done. Quality management: The operation manager in a restaurant business will have to continuously work upon the quality of the food and services provided. Quality management can be defined as an action of supervising all the activities so that the quality of the products and services do not get compromised at any level. This is one of the main and the biggest challenge that the operation manager has to face. As if at any point the quality standards falls in future then this fall might result in a huge loss of the profitability of the business organization(Karen Martin 2009). Restaurants operations manager need to work upon this as if only for once, the customers get low quality food or services they will never come back to that particular restaurant. Hence quality management is an important aspect of this industry. In this industry mostly the main the reason of the failure of many restaurants are the low quality, so in order to have a loyal customer base and to ensure a long run survival the restaurant management must appoint a quality manager or an operation manager that will keep an eagle eye on the quality of the products and services of the business organization(Mauch 2016). Global manufacturing: In restaurant business global manufacturing is concerned with the manufacturing of the machines and equipments that are used in the kitchens. In this business of restaurants, in almost every corner around the world is manufacturing top class machines and equipments. This has led to a severe increase in the competition amongst the players of this industry(Thomas 2012). The operations manager need to keep in his concern about the global manufacturing process so that they can timely make an action to cope up with the competitors. Above are the challenges that might face by the operations manager. These issues are so complex that operation managers need to make proper action plan to cope up. These challenges are capable of affecting the business in an adverse way that will result in the loss of profitability; loss of loyal customers, employees will shift to more profitable and growing organizations. Hence these issues must be resolved at their earliest, if the organization wants to ensure its long run survival. Now if we talk about operations management, then it is that department of the organization which is concerned with performing each and every task of the organization in the most efficient manner so that the organizations resources do not get waste or used unnecessarily. The official definition of operations management is as follow: Operations management refers to the administration of the business practices to create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization. We will now discuss three area of operation management that is most likely to affect the success of the restaurant business. Supply chain design: Supply chain design involves the selection of the supply chain; in simpler words it is to structure the supply chain, selecting partners, and location, and warehouse, modes of transport and information systems(Christopher 2000). In the restaurant business the operations management or the manager needs to design the supply chain in such a manner that the organization do not suffer at any point because of the loose supply chain. A supply chain can easily affect the restaurant business as if the delivery of the raw material is not provided on time then the restaurant will suffer as they will not have the fresh supplies of the raw material which will affect their quality, modes of transportation is another factor that can affect the success of the restaurant, the operation manager must choose such a mode of transport that is not costly and which is capable of transporting maximum raw material on even a short notice.Supply chain is the most important thing to be consi dered in a restaurant business. As in food industry a restaurant or a caf or a bar is only dependent on their supply chain. If the connection between the restaurant or the supply chain gets break at any point then it will incurs huge cost for the restaurant owners. So an operation manager must keep an eye on the supply chain and make sure that everything in this chain is under control and working well in advance so that if by chance any uncertainty occurs then it can be controlled by the possible means(Greny 2012). Managing inventory: Inventory management is another factor that might affect the success of a restaurant. Inventory management means keeping an eye on the process of flow of inventory from the manufacturer to the warehouse and from the warehouse to the points of sale. This is a very important aspect of operations management. Inventory management must be performed by an expert operation manager who will not only make sure about the efficiency but he will ensure that the goods are being transported safely from the manufacturer to the ware house and from ware house to the point of sale(Chopra 2014). It is very important for the management to keep safe and secure the inventory as any damage to the inventory will result in increase of the expenditure which is totally opposite to the objective of the operations management. Another thing in managing inventory is that the operation manager works upon increasing the efficiency and affectivity of the employees and the organization and if the o rganization is having large inventories then that will result in huge wastage and in food industry it would not be recommendable to have large inventories of stocks as it will not be a good practice to serve food that has been stored from a long time(Barbasor 2012). Hence inventory management is also an important factor that might affect the success of the restaurant business(Kaminsky 2013). Quality management: The task of maintaining the quality of the products and services falls under quality management. The main purpose of quality management is to work upon maintaining or improving the quality of the products or services that are provided by the organization(Hoyle 2014). Maintaining the quality sometimes becomes such a big task for an organization that any little loophole ends up affecting the profitability of the organization. In restaurant business the quality management holds lots more importance because every human being around the world goes to the restaurant not only to eat food but to eat quality food(Gitlow 2015). Hence if in the restaurant business the quality of product or services falls then it will cost the restaurant a huge loss in terms of customers, competition and ultimately in the profitability. Conclusion Above is a report prepared on a restaurant business and the issues that are faced by the operations manager and about the factors of operation management that affects the success of the business. Here is concise and a clear conclusion provided. Operation manager indeed plays an important role in managing the operations of an organization that increases the efficiency and reduces the wastage of the resources. There are several factors that the operation managers need to take into their concern for the successful completion of the tasks. A restaurant business can grow easily as it is one of those growing industries whom revenue is expects to be doubled in next couple of years(The Uniform Systems for Restaurants 2013). But this is only possible if operations manager performs his duty with full dedication and make sure that no employee puts his efforts into the wasteful activities. Bibliography Baghwat, J 2011, 'In Defence of Globalization', Globalized World, vol 5, no. 100, p. 3. Barbasor 2012, 'The Best Method of Inventory', Sunday Business world, vol 1, no. 1, p. 1. Benjamin, J 2012, 'Restaurants Secrets', The Times of Business, vol 1, no. 100, p. 2. Bourdian, A 2015, 'Chefs Reciepe ', in Kalyani (ed.), Kitchen Confidential, 2nd edn, Kalyani, Delhi. Chopra, S 2014, 'Supply Chain Management', Business of NY Times, vol 1, no. 120, p. 2. Christopher, M 2000, 'Logistic and Supply Chain Management', T.L Weekly, vol 2, no. 100, p. 7. D'suza, K 2017, 'Global Business processing organizations', Understanding of the BPO's, vol 1, no. 10, p. 15, viewed 9 june 2017, https://www.global-rates.com/interest-rates/central-banks/central-bank-america/fed-interest-rate.aspx. Enderson, EG 2013, 'Operational Management for Dummies', Commerce Trade, vol 5, no. 100, p. 12, viewed 2013, https://www.techrepublic.com/article/the-importance-of-being-ethical-in-project-management/. G, T 2014, The Customer Delight Principle, 1st edn, Jersey Publishers, New jersey. Gitlow, HS 2015, 'The Quality Management Systems', in Lucy (ed.), Understanding the Business, 2nd edn, Jackie Publishers, bath. Gr, N 2016, 'The Shallows', TechWorld Journals, vol 2, no. 200, p. 35. Greny, J 2012, Important of Supply Chain in Food Industry, 2nd edn, Hill productions. Hoyle, D 2014, 'Quality Management Essentials ', Managers Weekly, vol 1, no. 120, p. 5, viewed 12 Septemeber 2017, https://www.inflation.eu/inflation-rates/great-britain/historic-inflation/cpi-inflation-great-britain.aspx. Jeo Bastinich 2017, 'The Restaurant Man', J.K daily, vol 1, no. 15, p. 5. Kaminsky, P 2013, Designing Managing Supply Chain, 5th edn, Gistrion Publishers and printings, Bargule. Karen Martin 2009, Value Stream Mapping, 2nd edn, Global Printing Press, Germany. Mauch, PD 2016, 'Quality Management', in Quality Management, Mesin international Publishers. Mceffe, A 2016, The Second Machine Age, 5th edn, Kristopher Printing and works, Bath. Meyer, D 2010, 'Setting The Table', Hospitality Business, vol 2, no. 50, p. 50, viewed 7 june 2010, https://marketingmnemonics.wordpress.com/2010/06/07/stages-involved-in-a-selling-process-spanco/. Render, B 2015, 'Operations Management', Ricardo Journals, vol 2, no. 121, p. 52. Rodrik, D 2015, 'The Globalization Paradox', Different World Journals, vol 5, no. 123, p. 54. Slack, N 2011, 'Production Operation Management', UnitedNations Journals, vol 1, no. 7, p. 50. 'The Uniform Systems for Restaurants' 2013, Daily mail, vol 1, no. 100, p. 1. Thomas, S 2012, 'Strategic Management of Global Manufacturing', First post, vol 1, p. 2.

Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel Essay Example

Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel Paper In the early nineteenth century, which was when Bronte wrote the book, men were considered to be superior to women and therefore played a much more dominant role in society whereas women were secondary and thought to be merely appendages to men. The heroine of the novel Jane Eyre contradicts the role women played as she is brave enough to say â€Å"no† to the social conventions and instead play the role that she wants to play instead of the role she â€Å"should† portray. As the author of this classic, Charlotte Bronte is thought to be a pioneer of the feminist movement. This essay is to explore the aspects of feminism and the oppression of men within the novel to explain why the book is considered to be a feminist novel. Jane was oppressed by four different men during the novel although in different ways. The first of these was her cousin John Reed, who tormented and bullied young Jane because she was an orphan. She did nothing to ignite his rage and was unable to do anything but withstand it. â€Å"Accustomed to John Reed’s abuse, I never had an idea of replying to it: my care was how to endure the blow which would certainly follow the insult†, this quotation shows how Jane never once thought to retaliate to his words or actions, reflecting the fact that it was a woman’s place to do as she was told and not as she wanted. It was only after John’s harsh reminders of her past that it was as if she could withstand no more, â€Å"Wicked and cruel boy! We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jane Eyre Is A Feminist Novel specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer †Cried she, symbolising her determination to fight against this unfair world. This is the first representation of feminism in the book. However, despite the reasons for Jane’s actions, she is later reprimanded and punished for it, is this the consequence of her standing up to a male figure or is it a reflection of their individual social class? Later Jane experiences oppression at the hands of Mr Brocklehurst, the treasurer and manager of Lowood School, of which Jane attends. Mr Brocklehurst represents those who obtained a very strong belief in the women-inferiority theory, which he expresses when he says, â€Å"My plan in bringing up these girls is†¦to render them hardy, patient, self-denying† and also through his actions of allowing the girls no luxuries, be it in food, or clothing, etc. It appeared to be his opinion that women should live a simple life perhaps in order to depend on men. He insults Jane in the novel and says she is evil and should be shunned by her peers despite the lack of proof for his statement he is not overruled or ignored because of his superiority because he appears as quite a threatening character or simply because he is a man. The main male protagonist in the novel, Edward Rochester, although undeniably in love with Jane seemed to try and control her slightly, for example he seems to want to change Jane through buying her several dresses, etc. Which are overly extravagant compared to her own plain and standard wardrobe. In trying to change her appearance it is as if he is trying to also change Jane as a person and perhaps by receiving the clothes she would have been accepting his dominance over her and so by refusing his offer she is showing herself as a strong individual who seeks equality. Her final oppressor, St. John had quite strong opinions of the purpose of women and thought that a woman’s worth was only recognised only when she devoted her life to a man. He thought that it was an honour for Jane, if she married him and helped him with his work in India. He assumed that Jane would undoubtedly agree to his proposal because it was what a ‘good woman’ should do, however Jane declined because she wanted a marriage based on love not convenience. The character of Miss Blanche Ingram is portrayed as a sharp contrast to that of Jane because she represents how a typical woman of this time period would act. All she wanted was to find a wealthy husband to serve and to bare his children. She believed – as did most – that marriage should be established within social ranks and money and that husbands and children were a woman`s whole world. Women had no control in their lives or even over their bodies; they had no idea of their value they were just a possession belonging to a man. Whilst some women were quite content just to follow this regime, some like Jane were unhappy with the obvious dominance of men and henceforth the obvious lack of equality between the two genders and so I believe that the characteristics and beliefs of Jane are what most strongly equate to this being a feminist novel. To conclude I believe that there are several reasons and points within the book that successfully suggests that Jane Eyre is a feminist novel, but I think most prominent and perhaps obvious is the overall character of Jane and how she breaks out of the mould of the typical woman with her independent and intelligent actions. When reading the novel, women of that time would perhaps look to Jane as a heroine and feel inspired that there is may be more to a woman than merely a wife and a mother, but a strong, independent individual.

Once Upon A Psychological Theory Essays - Freudian Psychology

Once Upon A Psychological Theory Essays - Freudian Psychology Once Upon A Psychological Theory Once Upon A Psychological Theory An Analysis of Psychological Hypotheses in Fairy Tales and Their Affect on Childhood Development INDEX I. Personal Statement II. Introduction III. Piaget A. Childhood Development i. Sensory-Motor Stage ii. Preoperational Stage ii. Stage Of Concrete Operations iii. Stage Of Formal Operations IV. Erikson A. Autonomy And Social Development i. Theory ii. The Goose Girl V. Freud A. The Id, The Ego And The Super Ego i. Theory ii. The Three Little Pigs B. Oedipus i. The Myth Of Oedipus ii. Theory ii. Snow White And The Seven Dwarfs iii. Cinderella iv. Rapunzel VI. Conclusion VII. Bibliography PERSONAL STATEMENT The object of psychology is to give us a totally different idea of the things we know best. -Paul Valry Once upon a time.., perhaps one of the single most famous phrases, the key that opens the door to a world of fantasy, enchantment and entertainment, the world of fairy tales. Fairy tales can mean different things to different people, each finds a different type of sanctuary within the realm of the make belief. Children may like fairy tales because good triumphs over evil; adults may favor them because they trigger childhood nostalgia; in the end, everything boils down to the fact that fairy tales were written to be enjoyed, and have become universally beloved. For my personal project, I decided to take Paul Valrys notion of psychologys objective to a universal level, by psychoanalyzing the effects of fairy tales. I chose psychology because its the field that I wish to pursue in post-secondary studies. The idea of fairy tales naturally sprung into mind after my initial choice to do a paper on psychology, as the notion of psychology and fairy tales was not completely inane, nor alien, and fairy tales are a substance with which the majority of the population has had relations. I decided to demonstrate, in depth, the hidden effects of fairy tales, to uncover a different perspective of this timeless method of amusement. After thorough research of Piagets developmental psychology, I concluded the best way to illustrate the alter ego of fairy tale repercussions was by outlining the fact that many of these mythical stories are correlated with psychological theories of behavioral conduct, and how they affect behavioral developments. Subsequently, I conducted a survey, of 75 adults and children, to establish the most popular of the worlds fairy tales, and from the results, researched various psychological theories and where they were applied in the five important fairy tales. This project was also ideal in respects to the areas of interaction, as it encompasses the principles of Homo Faber, Health and Social Sciences, and Environment. Fairy tales, a manifestation of the human imagination, embraced the ideals of Homo Faber, as they are original and created by man. In respects to Environment, fairy tales constitute an aspect of a childs environment, as an environment is the external conditions or objects that influence the development of a person. Psychology is the science of mental health, and as it is the central theme of this project, the project directly falls into the category of Health and Social Sciences. INTRODUCTION Developmental psychology is the study of the human mind across the life span. Unlike other areas of psychologypersonality, cognitive, socialdevelopmental psychology is explicitly concerned with how the rules of human behavior change over time. All of the methods used in psychology can be, and are, applied to the study of development. These range from neurobiological studies of the brain's growth to studies of the effect of social context on a child's future behavior. There is currently no overarching theory of developmental psychology, but there are several approaches to which researchers more or less adhere. One useful way of categorizing these theoretical approaches is based on the way each theory passes the developmental trajectory. Some theories, called stage theories, divide the life span into qualitatively different segments. Jean Piaget introduced the most influential stage theory, in fact, the most influential theory in developmental psychology, in books and papers written in the 1920s and the decades after. Piaget suggested that children went through four stages of development through their childhood, during which qualitatively different rules applied to their behavior and growth. Although there were some similarities between the stages and some rules of behavior that applied throughout the life course, Piaget argued that the best way to understand development

K-12 budget cuts in california Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

K-12 budget cuts in california - Research Paper Example The people of the state feel as though their voices should be heard if budget cuts are needed and where would be the best possible place to cut. In the case of California budget cuts in regards to k-12 education this is not so. The majorities of the people are not in favor of the proposed budget cuts and are not afraid to say so. Voices are heard from newspapers, newsreels, high offices and education systems themselves. Why are budget cuts proposed? Where do the deciding factors come from? In who’s best interest? These are the underlying questions to the foundation of this paper. Proposed state budget cuts are looked upon as evils by the people. Budget cuts means jobs lost, jobs lost means hard times, unwanted struggles and hopeful prayers. Budget cuts means some organization that has served the people will not be able to do so any longer in the original capacity. Budget cuts are often times proposed in place of tax increases. Although tax increases would usually only affect t he higher income families. The government relies on the state’s elected leaders to lead during the time of economic downturn and budget cuts. The deciding factors in budget cuts are sometimes based on the efficient use of the remaining and less spending of the variables involved. In the state of California one of the areas involving budget cuts is in education. Specifically covered here will be grades k-12. Education budget cuts mean massive layoffs for teachers among other educational expense loss, such as purchasing of books. The impact and acceptation of the budget is described here in an article from Targeted News Service (2011), Despite positive economic messages surrounding President Obama's recent State of the Union address, America's 14,000 school districts will remain vulnerable for the next half decade. Nationally, forty states currently project budget gaps totaling over $140 billion for the next fiscal year. Even worse, states will have to try to fill the gaps with nearly $40 billion less in federal stimulus funds than they had last year--creating what many officials are calling the "ARRA cliff," the sudden loss of billions of dollars in federal money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. Looking even further down the road, twenty-four states already face a combined gap of $66 billion for fiscal year 2013. When it comes to schools, these gaps are significant because state dollars account for almost half, 48.3 percent, of K-12 education funding. In California, the budget picture is grim. The state faces ongoing structural budget gaps of over $20 billion a year through 2014, with debt levels currently topping out over $25 billion for this fiscal year. Governor Brown's proposed budget slashes higher education funding by over $1 billion, or nearly 20 percent, and his promise to avoid cuts to K-12 education hinges on a tax extension vote in June. If voters reject the tax extension, school districts could face an additional $4 to $5 bill ion in cuts before classes begin. All of this comes on top of the 14.5 percent hit K-12 funding has taken since 2007. Listed above are the hard facts the state of California is facing. Are the budget cuts necessary because the government failed in its duties or is the state? For either answer there are individuals who have come up with answers on how to prevent future cuts in areas that are desperately needed. The dropout rate is not decreasing, the need for our

Business environment report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 3

Business environment report - Essay Example In addition, the company also offers financial and online services across Asia, North America, and Europe. Based on the revenue, it is the third largest retailer in the world behind Carrefour and Wal-Mart, which is the largest. In terms of profit, it surpasses Carrefour to rank only behind Wal-mart. In the UK, its biggest competitors are ASDA and Sainsbury. Tesco’s philosophy is embedded in their desire to expand and grow as is shown by their strategy. Tesco has a consistent and well-established growth strategy that has allowed them to strengthen their core business in the UK, as well as drive their expansion to other markets (Tesco Plc, 2013: p1). This paper will seek to discuss the business environment of Tesco. The business environment analysis will include the micro-economic analysis because it directly impacts the management of the company. A macro-environment analysis will also be essential because it impacts the decisions taken by the management, which will include a PE ST analysis, SWOT analysis, and Porter’s five forces analysis. The paper will also compare Tesco’s financial ratios with those of its biggest UK rival, Sainsbury in order to determine its financial environment and performance. With regards to Tesco’s financial status, the analysis will be made for the period between 2009 and 2011. Finally, the paper will make recommendations as to how Tesco can adapt to the current business environment. Tesco’s Business Environment Analysis Micro Environment factors For Tesco, customers are one of the most important factors of the business. Tesco as an organization gives their customers increased benefits to keep them happy, for example, giving them the best quality and variety of products (Jones et al, 2012: p884). Tesco ensures that they are able to meet the demands of their consumers in an environment where competition is ever increasing, whereas also meeting the expectations of the wider market. Another factor is mate rials, which is important because production and sales at Tesco are directly related to materials. If the material is easily available, the production and sales will increase. Tesco ensures this by storing their material in easily accessible warehouses. Employees are another important micro-environmental factor. Tesco ensures that they have the best staff for them to offer better service to the consumer. Satisfaction of the employees helps to improve the quality of their service and improves their competitiveness (Elearn, 2013: p11). Suppliers are important to Tesco in order to offer competitive service to their customers. Having and maintaining efficient supply chains improves their ability to get orders delivered on time. Getting the material delivered on time has various advantages and it is essential for Tesco to maintain a good supplier-user relationship (Elearn, 2013: p12). The shareholders are an important micro-environmental factor, as well. Great organizations require good relations with their shareholders in order to increase their growth. Tesco gives substantial dividends to their shareholders, whereas also allowing their employees and suppliers to buy company shares. This gives added satisfaction to their suppliers and employees, improving their productivity. Media gives Tesco the ability to achieve top sales and, as such, it is an important micro-environmental factor. It is important to get information on new products and services, as well as

Role Of Exim Bank Growth Of Foreign Trade Economics Essay

Role Of Exim Bank Growth Of Foreign Trade Economics Essay Introduction of Industry As we know that the ministry of commerce and Industry is the most important organ concerned with the promotion and regulation of foreign trade in India. The Ministry has an elaborate organizational set up to look after the various aspects of trade. Its two important offices concerned with trade are the Directorate General of Foreign Trade (DGFT) and the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS). DGFT is responsible for implementing the Foreign Trade Policy/Exim Policy with the main objective of promoting Indian exports. It also issues licenses to exporters and monitors their corresponding obligations through a network of regional offices. DGCIS is entrusted with the work of collecting, compiling and publishing/ disseminating trade statistics and various types of commercial information required by the policy makers, researchers, importers, exporters, traders as well as overseas buyers. Directorate of Industries Commerce is charged with the responsibilities of facilitating industrial growth in the country by providing funding for Infrastructure in the form of industrial estates, incentives for capital Investment and other subsidies. It provides the entrepreneur, power, land and water, besides sanction of fiscal incentives. Foreign trade has played a crucial role in Indias economy growth. The composition and direction of Indias foreign trade has undergone substantial changes, particularly, after the liberalization process which began in the early 1990s. Our major exports now includes manufacturing goods such as Engineering Goods, Petroleum Products, Chemicals Related Products, Gems Jewellery, Textiles, Electronic Goods, etc. which constitute over 80 per cent of our export basket. On the other hand, major import items constitute capital goods and intermediates which not only support the manufacturing sector but also supply raw-materials for the export oriented units. Over the years, Indias trade with countries of Asia ASEAN and Africa has gone up substantially. Apart from that, India is now a major player in global trading system and all the major sectors of Indian economy are linked to world outside either directly or indirectly through international trade. Introduction of Topic Exim Bank (India) Exim Bank (full name: The Export-Import Bank of India) is an Indian government-owned financial institution for the public sector created by an Act of the Parliament of India: the Export-Import Bank of India Act 1981. Exim Bank is managed by a Board of Directors, which has representatives from the Government, Reserve Bank of India, Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India (ECGC), a financial institution, public sector banks, and the business community. The Banks functions are segmented into several operating groups including: Corporate Banking Group which handles a variety of financing programmes for Export Oriented Units (eous), Importers, and overseas investment by Indian companies. Project Finance / Trade Finance Group handles the entire range of export credit services such as suppliers credit, pre-shipment credit, buyers credit, finance for export of projects consultancy services, guarantees, forfeiting, etc. Lines of Credit Group Lines of Credit (LOC) is a financing mechanism and export transactions in the agricultural sector for financing. Small and Medium Enterprises Group to the specific financing requirements of export oriented smes. The group handles credit proposals from smes under various lending programmes of the Bank. Export Services Group offers variety of advisory and value-added information services aimed at investment promotion Fee based Export Marketing Services Bank offers assistance to Corporate Affairs. Service Category Government to Business (G2B) Service Title Export Import Data Bank Service State/Ministry Ministry of Commerce and Industry Service Description One will get the Trade statistics both import and export details Service Language English Minister of Commerce and Industry Shri Anand Sharma It is set up by an act of parliament in September 1981 Wholly owned by government of india Commenced operations in march 1982 Apex financial institution Objectives: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ for providing financial assistance to exporters and importers, and for functioning as the principal financial institution for coordinating the working of institutions engaged in financing export and import of goods and services with a view to promoting the countrys international tradeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ shall act on business principles with due regard to public interest Exim Policy Facilities The existing export promotion schemes such as Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme, Duty Exemption and Remission Scheme, Scheme for Gems and Jewellery Exports, EHTP and SEZ Schemes have been further strengthened and simplified. The various relaxations provided under the above Schemes are given below Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme (EPCG) Duty Exemption and Remission Scheme Gems and Jewellery Exports Special Economic Zones Electronic Hardware Technology Parks Other Facilities Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Projects Strategic Package for Status Holders Neutralizing high fuel costs Diversification of markets North Eastern States, Sikkim and Jammu Kashmir Re-location of industries Reduction in transaction time cost BANKS FUNCTIONS The Banks functions are segmented into several operating groups including: Corporate Banking Group which handles a variety of financing programmes for Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Importers, and overseas investment by Indian companies. Project Finance / Trade Finance Group handles the entire range of export credit services such as suppliers credit, pre-shipment credit, buyers credit, finance for export of projects consultancy services, guarantees, forfaiting etc. Lines of Credit Group Lines of Credit (LOC) is a financing mechanism that provides a safe mode of non-recourse financing option to Indian exporters, especially to SMEs, and serves as an effective market entry tool. Agriculture Business Group, to spearhead the initiative to promote and support Agri-exports. The Group handles projects and export transactions in the agricultural sector for financing. Small and Medium Enterprises Group to the specific financing requirements of export oriented SMEs. The group handles credit proposals from SMEs under various lending programmes of the Bank. Export Services Group offers variety of advisory and value-added information services aimed at investment promotion Fee based Export Marketing Services Bank offers assistance to Indian companies, to enable them establish their products in overseas markets. Besides these, the Support Services groups, which include: Research Planning, Corporate Finance, Loan Recovery, Internal Audit, Management Information Services, Information Technology, Legal, Human Resources Management and Corporate affairs. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Generally research is considered as an endeavor to arrive at the answer to intellectual and practical problem through the application of scientific method to the acknowledge universe. It is movement from known to unknown. My research based on the secondary resources. The data taken from the different websites (Indian govt.,Exim bank policy, Foreign trade). Review of Literature Indias export performance /April-august, 2004-05/ Nimmala Amharic- In this article that writer have a research on the topic of Indias export performance. And he found in his research that Indians foreign trade are increasing year by year in both respect of export and import. But total trade deficit is a big problem of Indian economy. And he also find in their research that some of the sector has grew in terms of export such as Automobiles, Gems Jewellery, and Textiles. OBJECTIVES To know the Role of EXIM Bank in the growth of Foreign Trade. To know the various services provided by the EXIM banks which support in foreign trade Data And Facts Total Trade of Exports and Imports over the Years in Crore Rupees Year Exports Imports Total Trade Trade Deficit 1990-91 32558 43193 75751 -10635 1991-92 44042 47851 91893 -3809 1992-93 53688 63375 117063 -9687 1993-94 69751 73101 142852 -3350 1994-95 82674 89971 172645 -7297 1995-96 106353 122678 229031 -16325 1996-97 118817 138920 257737 -20103 1997-98 130101 154176 284277 -24075 1998-99 139753 178332 318085 -38579 1999-2000 159561 215236 374797 -55675 2000-01 209018 230873 434444 -27302 2001-02 255137 245200 454218 -36182 2002-03 293367 297206 552343 -42069 2003-04 375340 359108 652475 -65741 2004-05 375340 501065 876405 -125725 2005-06 456483 635013 1091496 -178530 2006-07 571779 840506 1412286 -268727 2007-08 655864 1012312 1668176 -356448 2008-09(P) 766935 1385503 2072338 -538568 External Trade with Other Countries during 2007-08 and 2008-09 Region Exports (April-Feb) Imports (April-Feb) 2007-08 2008-09(P) 2007-08(P) 2008-09(P) 1. Europe 1,33,151 1,65,925 1,75,335 2,23,813 1.1 EU countries 27 1,23,219 1,55,266 1,27,315 1,61,593 1.2 Other WE countries 9,553 10,123 47,881 62,115 1.3 East Europe 379 536 138 106 2. Africa 38,062 44,922 51,519 60,151 2.1 Southern Africa 13,058 12,393 17,868 29,377 2.2 West Africa 12,851 13,204 35,614 48,514 2.3 Central Africa 934 1,372 189 632 2.4 East Africa 15,126 18,687 1,158 1,158 3. America 98,900 1,14,966 79,780 1,21,381 3.1 North America 79,880 89,476 56,281 80,825 3.2 Latin America 10,019 45,490 23,498 40,556 4. Asia and Asean 2,96,287 3,57,982 5,43,551 7,39,622 4.1 East Asia 5,070 6,719 30,783 40,230 4.2 ASEAN 56,663 75,357 82,289 1,06,418 4.3 WANA 1,08,920 1,44,039 2,58,645 3,56,716 4.4 NE Asia 92,974 96,846 1,64,030 2,28,746 4.5 South Asia 32,659 35,020 7,805 7,513 5. CIS Baltics 6,101 7,623 14,238 28,793 5.1 cars Countries 826 1,047 419 1,157 5.2 Other CIS Countries 5,275 6,577 13,818 27,636 6. Unspecified Region 1,482 4,346 2,666 4,710 Total 5,77,889 6,96,498 8,70,399 11,98,360 EXPORT CREDITS EXIM LINES OF CREDIT (LOC) The main role of Exim bank in foreign trade is to give credit facilities. Exim Bank extends Lines of Credit (LOC) to overseas financial institutions, regional development banks, sovereign governments and other entities overseas, to enable buyers in those countries, to import goods and services from India on deferred credit terms. The Indian exporters can obtain payment of eligible value from Exim Bank, without recourse to them, against negotiation of shipping documents. LOC is a financing mechanism that provides a safe mode of non-recourse financing option to Indian exporters, especially to SMEs, and serves as an effective market entry tool. Exim Bank extends LOC, on its own, as well as, at the behest of Government of India. Exim Bank offers the following Export Credit facilities, which can be availed of by Indian companies, commercial banks and overseas entities: For Indian Companies executing contracts overseas for commercial Banks Other Facilities for Indian Companies For Overseas Entities For Indian Companies executing contracts overseas Pre-shipment credit Exim Banks Pre-shipment Credit facility, in Indian Rupees and foreign currency, provides access to finance at the manufacturing stage enabling exporters to purchase raw materials and other inputs. Suppliers Credit This facility enables Indian exporters to extend term credit to importers (overseas) of eligible goods at the post-shipment stage. For Project Exporters Indian project exporters incur Rupee expenditure while executing overseas project export contracts i.e. Costs of mobilization/acquisition of materials, personnel and equipment etc. Exim Banks facility helps them meet these expenses. For Exporters of Consultancy and Technological Services Exim Bank offers a special credit facility to Indian exporters of consultancy and technology services, so that they can, in turn, extend term credit to overseas importers Guarantee Facilities Indian companies can avail of these to furnish requisite guarantees to facilitate execution of export contracts and import transactions. How does it work? Exim Bank signs LOC Agreement with overseas Borrower Institution (Borrower) and announces the availability of LOC for utilization, when the Agreement becomes effective. Exporter checks with Exim Bank, available amount under the LOC and quantum of service fee payable to Exim Bank, if any, and negotiates contract with Importer. Importer approaches the Borrower for approval of the contract. Borrower appraises the proposal. If satisfied, approves the contract and refers to Exim Bank for concurrence for inclusion of contract for being financed under the LOC. Exim Bank accords approval to the contract, if in conformity with the terms of LOC. Exim Bank conveys contract approval to the exporter and the Borrower. The Importer arranges remittance of advance payment to the Exporter and also opening of a Letter of Credit, which states that the contract is covered under Exim Banks LOC to the Borrower and reimbursement will be by Exim Bank for the Eligible Value of Credit, upon compliance with stipulated conditions therein. Exporter executes the contract/ships the goods/provides services. Exim Bank/commercial bank in India, designated as the Negotiating Bank negotiates shipping documents and pays the exporter. Exim Bank reimburses the Negotiating Bank, on receipt of valid claim and service fee, as applicable, by debit to the LOC account of the Borrower. Borrower repays Exim Bank on due dates. Exim Bank signs agreement with Borrower and announces when effective. Exporter checks procedures and service fee payable, if any, with Exim Bank and negotiates contract with Importer. Importer consults Borrower and signs contract with exporter. Borrower approves contract. Exim Bank approves contract and advises Borrower and also exporter and his negotiating bank, in India. Importer establishes L/C in favor of Exporter. Exporter ships goods. Exim Bank/commercial bank negotiates shipping documents and pays exporter. EXIM Bank reimburses commercial bank on receipt of claim and debits LOC account of the Borrower. Borrower repays EXIM Bank on due dates. Lending Programme for Export Oriented Units To create and enhance export capabilities of Indian companies.it provide them Term loans in Indian rupees/ foreign currency, Deferred Payment Guarantee for import of capital goods. And in place of that they charged minimum Banks lending rate and 1% of loan amount payable upfront as service charged they provide this facility to following eligible company: Units set up/proposed to be set up in Export Processing Zones Units under the 100% Export Oriented Units Scheme Units importing capital goods under Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme Units undertaking expansion /modernization /up gradation /diversification programs of existing export oriented units with export orientation of minimum 10% or sales of Rs.5 crores per annum whichever is lower Lending Programme for Overseas Joint Ventures/Wholly Owned Subsidiaries by Indian Companies- To finance by way of equity loan to Indian companies for setting up of overseas joint ventures/ wholly owned subsidiaries Eligible Companies Any Indian promoter making equity investment in an existing company or a new project overseas with the requisite approval for such investment from the Reserve Bank of India (RBI)/Government of India as also from the government and other concerned authorities in the host country The total value of the investment by the Indian company does not exceed US $ 15 million in respect of Indian investment in SAARC countries and Myanmar total value of investment does not exceed US $ 30 million; and in respect of Indian Rupee investment in Nepal and Bhutan, total value of investment does not exceed Rs.120 crores The amount of investment is up to 25% of annual average export earnings of the company in the preceding three years The amount of investment is repatriated in fully by way of dividends, royalty, technical service fees, etc. Within a period of five years. Refinance to Commercial Banks Exim Bank provides 100% refinance to commercial banks in respect of rupee term loans extended by them to Indian Promoter Company for equity contribution in overseas JV/WOS. As per prevailing RBI guidelines, commercial banks can consider loan for equity investment only under Exim Banks Refinance scheme. Equity Investment in Indian Ventures Abroad To catalyze overseas investment by Indian companies to enhance visibility of Indian overseas ventures. Quantum of Exim Banks equity participation Upton 25% of equity capital of the jvs involving Indian foreign companies Upton 50% of equity capital in case of wholly owned subsidiaries of Indian companies Subject to a ceiling of US $ 5 MN per proposal and remove subject to RBI Investment Criteria While considering equity investment with Indian companies business in India, weightage will be giving to the following: Background and track record of Indian and foreign promoters Synergy of overseas operations with business in India Financial viability and technical feasibility Return on Exims investment Benefits to India in terms of trade enhancement, technology transfer, and foreign exchange earnings etc. Spin off benefits such as brand marketing and penetration of new markets will also be considered Asian Countries Investment Partners Programme (ACIP) To promote joint ventures in India between Indian companies companies from Asian countries through four facilities that address different stages of the project cycle. ACIP seeks to catalyze investment flows into India by creation of Joint Ventures in India between Indian companies and companies from East Asian countries. ACIP is proposed to be a funding instrument providing finance at various stages of a Joint Venture project cycle viz. Sector study, project identification, feasibility study, prototype development, setting up project and technical, managerial assistance. Export Marketing Finance Programme To create and enhance export capabilities and international competitiveness of Indian companies. Under the lending programme for Export Marketing Finance, the Bank addresses the term finance requirements for a structural and strategic export marketing and development effort of Indian companies Eligible Companies Company who have a strategic international marketing plan. Company should have established presence in the domestic market Company should have satisfactory financials. Interest Rates Rupee Term Loans Linked to Exim Banks Minimum Lending Rate Foreign Currency Term Loans At floating or fixed interest rates Additionally interest tax is applicable will be payable Service Fee 1% of loan amount sanctioned, payable upfront non-refundable Export Product Development Programme To support systematic export product development plans with focus on industrialized markets Eligible Companies Established exporting enterprises with product development programme dedicated to export The company must also have an established track record and satisfactory financials Programme for Financing Export Vendor Development (EVD) Objective To finance export strategic vendor development plans for export companies with a view to enhancing exports through creation, strengthening of backward linkages with vendors. Eligible Companies Export companies and Trading Houses Manufacturer-exporters with satisfactory track record and financials ,li> Companies with strategic plan for vendor development for exports are eligible to seek finance under this programme Companies purchasing from vendors finished, semi-finished or intermediate products with the exporter adding value to the product in the form of further processing or marketing them Interest Rate Interest Rate linked to Banks Minimum Lending Rate Soft loan at 7.5% p.a. (subject to change) subject to maximum of Rs.50 lakhs Repayment Period Upton 7 years Programme for Export Facilitation Exim Bank offers term finance and non-funded facilities to Indian corporates to create infrastructure facilities to facilitate Indias international trade thereby enhance their export capability. Foreign Currency Pre-Shipment Credit (FCPC) Under this programme, short-term foreign currency finance is available to eligible exporters for financing inputs for export production such as raw materials, components and consumables. The finance is repayable in foreign currency from proceeds of the relative exports. FCPC programme represents another funding source to the exporter for expanding export volumes, particularly of manufactured and value added goods. It eliminates two-way exchange conversion costs and exchange risk, thus enhancing export competitiveness. FCPC can be a cost effective funding source as compared to rupee export credit as well as overseas suppliers credit depending on market conditions for loans under FCPC. As far as commercial banks are concerned, loans availed of from Exim Bank are exempt from Cash Reserve Ratio, Statutory Liquidity Ratio and Incremental Credit-Deposit Ratio requirements. Eligible Borrowers Exporting companies Commercial Banks for on lending to exporting customers Working Capital Term Loan Programme for Export Oriented Units (WCTL) WCTL programme seeks to create, enhance export capabilities of Indian companies. Under the Programme, the Bank addresses the working capital (loan component) requirements of export oriented units. Eligible Companies Units set up/proposed to be set up in Export Processing Zones Units under the 100% Export Oriented Units Scheme Units importing capital goods under Export Promotion Capital Goods Scheme Units undertaking expansion /modernization /up gradation/diversification programs of existing export oriented units with export orientation of 10% of sales or export sales of Rs.5 crores per annum whichever is lower. Bulk Import Finance Programme (BIF) In this service they provide short term working capital finance to manufacturing companies to excess consumable inputs. Under the programme, BIF is offered for import of eligible items with a minimum order size of Rs.1 crores .And they provided the Short term loans in Indian Rupees and/or Foreign currency. Programme for Financing Research Development To provide integrated financing for Research Development activities by export oriented companies Exim Banks finance available to Financially sound companies with a minimum export orientation of 20% of their net sales for the following eligible activities and eligible expenditure. Eligible RD Activities Eligible RD Expenditure Development and commercialization of new product / process / application. Significant improvements in existing product / process / application/ design. Development of technology or design to satisfy domestic or international environment, technical requirements/ standards, specifications. Setting up, expansion of pilot plants. FINANCE FOR EXPORT ORIENTED UNITS Term Finance Project Finance Equipment Finance Import of Technology Related Services Domestic Acquisitions of businesses/companies/brands Export Product Development/ Research Development General Corporate Finance Working Capital Finance (For Exporting Companies) Funded Working Capital Term Loans [ Long Term Working Capital [up to 5 years] Export Bills Discounting Export Packing Credit Cash Flow financing Non-Funded Letter of Credit Limits Guarantee Limits Export Finance Pre-shipment Credit Post Shipment Credit Buyers Credit Suppliers Credit [including deferred payment credit] Bills Discounting Export Receivables Financing Warehousing Finance Export Lines of Credit (Non-recourse finance) Data analysis As we know that Indias total external trade (exports plus imports including re-exports) in the year 1990-91 stood at Rs. 91,893 crore. Since then, this has witnessed continuous increase with occasional downturns. During 2008-09 the value of Indias external trade reached Rs. 20, 72,438 crore. A statement indicating Indias total export, import, total value of foreign trade and balance of trade from the year 1991-92 to 2008-09, in rupee terms, is given in table above. Indias exports during 2008-09 reached a level of Rs. 7, 66,935 crore registering a growth of 16.9 per cent. In US $ terms, exports reached a level of US$168.7 billion, registering a growth of 3.5 per cent as compared to a growth of 29.1 per cent during the previous year. The growth of exports during the year has exhibited a significant slow-down from September 2008 onwards. While, during the first half of the year 2008-09, April-September, exports increased by 31.3 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except increased by 31.3 per cent with almost all the major commodity groups, except marine products, handicrafts and carpets, recording significant growth. In the second half of the year 2008-09, October-March, exports recorded a decline of (-) 19.2 per cent with almost all the commodity groups recording significant negative growth. During 2008-09 imports increased to Rs. 13,05,503 from the level of Rs. 10,12,312 crore in 2007-08 registering growth of 29.0 per cent in rupee terms. In US $ terms, imports reached a level of US $ 287.8 billion in 2008-09 registering a growth of 14.4 per cent. Oil imports were valued at US $ 93.2 billion, which was higher by 16.9 per cent over the previous year. Non-Oil imports increased to US $ 194.6 billion, which was higher by 13.2 per cent. Items which registered significant growth are Pearl, Precious Semi-Precious Stones, Crude Manufactured Fertilizer, Coal, Inorganic Chemicals, Project Goods, etc. Import of Gold and Transport Equipment registered significant decline. The Trade deficit during 2008-09 increased to Rs. (-) 538568 crore as against Rs. (-) 356449 crore during 2007-08. In US $ terms, trade deficit increased to US 119.1 billion from a level of US 88.5 billion during 2007-08. India has trading relations with all the major trading blocks and geographical regions of the world. Region and sub region-wide spread of Indias during 2007-08 and 2008-09 as per data available up to 2008-09 (April-February) is given in table 7.2. During the period 2008-09 (April-February), the share of Asia and ASEAN region comprising South Asia, East Asia, and Mid-Eastern and Gulf countries accounted for 51.4 per cent of Indias total exports. The share of Europe and America in Indias exports stood at 23.8 per cent and 16.5 per cent respectively of which EU countries (27) comprises 22.3 per cent. During the period, USA (12.0 per cent), has been the most important country of export destination following by United Arab Emirates (10.8 per cent), China (5.1 per cent), Singapore (4.7 per cent), Netherlands (3.7 per cent), Hong Kong (3.7 per cent), U.K. (3.6 per cent), Germany (3.4 per cent), Saudi Arabia (3.0 per cent), Belgium (2.6 per cent) and Italy (2.2 per cent). Asia and ASEAN accounted for 61.7 per cent of Indias total imports during the period followed by Europe (18.7 per cent) and America (10.1 per cent). Among individual countries the share of China stood highest at (10.7 per cent) followed by Saudi Arabia (7.1 per cent), UAE (6.4 per cent) and USA (6.0 per cent), Iran (4.3 percent), Switzerland (4.2 per cent), Germany (3.6 per cent), Kuwait (3.4 per cent), Nigeria (3.2 per cent), and Iraq (2.8 per cent) Conclusion As we describe above the various functions and role of the Exim Bank. Than we can say that it handles a variety of financing programs for Export Oriented Units (EOUs), Importers, and overseas investment

Grapes of Wrath

Krystal Giffen The Grapes of Wrath Part 1: Literary Analysis 1. A. â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœWhat’s this call, this sperit? ’ An’ I says, ‘It’s love†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 23, Chapter 4). This quote is an example of an metaphor. The use of this metaphor was to show the reader why the preacher doesn’t preach anymore. The effect the metaphor had on the reader was, for them to see how the preacher really viewed ‘the sperit’. B. â€Å"One cat’ takes and shoves ten families out. Cat’s all over hell now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 8, Chapter 2). This quote is an example of symbolism. The truck driver uses the animal cat to describe the people who tractor out croppers from their crops and homes.The effect of using a cat to describe someone was negative. The cat description made the reader view the person who tractors out croppers as evil, cunning and thoughtless. C. â€Å"†¦ The Bank -or the Company-needs-wants-insists-must have -as though the Bank or the Company were a monster, with thought and feeling which had ensnared them. † (pg. 31, Chapter 5). This quote is an example of an epic simile. The use of his simile is to show the reader that the Bank or Company that takes the land acts as a monster, being mean and cold. D. â€Å"Can you live without the willow tree? Well, no, you can’t.The willow tree is you. The pain of that mattress there – that dreadful pain – that’s you. † (pg. 89, Chapter 9). This quote is an example of a metaphor. The use of this metaphor is to relate all of the families belongings to them, that the belongings are indeed part of them. The effect of this metaphor is to show the reader how much the families belongings actually meant to them. E. â€Å"Damn it,’ he said, ‘a pick is a nice tool (umph), if you don’ fight it (umph). You an’ the pick (umph) workin’ together (umph)’ (pg. 298, Chapter 22). This quote is an example of Epizeuxis.The use and effect of this epizeuxis is to show emphasis on how heavy the pick was and how hard it was to work back then. The epizeuxis helps the reader image Tom working in the hot sun with the heavy pick, working for just twenty-five cents an hour. 2. A. â€Å"You know the land is poor. You’ve scrabbled at it long enough, God knows. The squatting tenant men nodded and wondered and drew figures in the dust, and yes, they knew, God knows†¦ The owner men went on leading to their point: You know the land’s getting poorer†¦ If they could only rotate the crops they might pump blood back into the land.Well, it’s too late†¦ A man can hold land if he can just eat and pay taxes; he can do that. Yes, he can do that until his crops fail one day and he has to borrow money from the bank†¦ a bank or a company can’t do that, because those creatures don’t breathe air, don’t eat side-meat. They breather profi ts; they eat the interest on money†¦ Can’t we just hang on? Maybe the next year will be a good year. God knows how much cotton next year†¦ Next year, maybe†¦ We can’t depend on it. The bank-the monster has to have profits all the time. It can’t wait. It’’ die.No, taxes go on†¦ The tenant system won;t work anymore†¦ You’ll have to get off the land. The plow’ll go through the dooryard† (pg. 33, Chapter 5). The significance of this passage is that it shows how the Banks would take the land from the croppers and how the croppers were crushed. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows the reader how the migration to the west started, how hundreds of families would get evicted from their land and forced to move elsewhere. B. â€Å" ‘Who’s in here? ’ Ma asked. ‘What is it you want, mister? ’ ‘What you think I want?I want to know who’s in here. â €™ ‘Why, they’s jus’ us three in here. Ma an’ Granma an’ my girl. ’ ‘Where’s your men? ’ ‘Why they went down to clean up. We was drivin’ all night. ’ ‘Where’d you come from? ’ ‘Right near Sallisaw, Oklahoma. ’ ‘Well, you can’t stay here. ’ ‘We aim to get out tonight an’ cross the desert, mister. ’ ‘Well you better. If you’re here tomorra this time I’ll run you in. We don’t want none of you settlin’ down here. ’†¦ ‘Mister,’ she said, ‘ you got a tin button an’ a gun. Where I come from, you keep your voice down. ’ She advanced on him with the skillet.He loosened the gun in the holster. ‘Go ahead,’ said Ma. ‘Scarin women/ I’m thankful the men folks ain’t here. They’d tear ya to pieces. In my country you watch your tongue. ’ The man took two steps backward. ‘Well, you ain’t in your country now. You’re in California, an’ we don’t want you goddamn Okies settlin’ down. ’ †¦ ‘Yeah, Okies! An’ if you’re here when I come tomorra, I’ll run ya in† (pg. 215, Chapter 18). The significance of this passage is it shows how life changed so much once the Joads moved west, they were in someone else’s territory now.This passage shows how the Joads would have to change the way they acted since they moved to California. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows the reader how difficult and cruel it was to move to the West back during the dust bowl. People weren’t treated equally because of were they came from and how poor they were. C. â€Å"They had no more the stomach-tearing lust for the rich acre and a shining blade to plow it, for seed and a windmill beating its wings in the air. T hey arose in the dark no more to hear the sleepy birds’ first chittering, and the morning wind dear acres.These things were lost, nd crops were rechoned in dollars, and land was valued by principal plus interest, and crops were bought and sold before they were planted. Then crop failure, drought, and flood were no longer little deaths within life, but simple losses of money. And all their love was thinned with money, and all their fierceness dribbled away in interest until they were no longer farmers at all, but little shopkeepers of crops, little manufacturers who must sell before they can make. Then those farmers who were not good shopkeepers lost their land to good shopkeepers.No matter how clever, how loving a man might be with earth and growing things, he could not survive if he were not also a good shopkeeper. And as time went on, the business men had the farms, and the farms grew larger, but there were fewer of them† (pg. 231-232, Chapter 19). The significance of this passage is it shows the reader how the land used to be owned by people, farmers, who loved the land and cared for the land but it turned into a business over the years. Farming wasn’t about the feel or love anymore, it was all about money.This passage relates to the work as a whole because the whole book is about how money can affect people, how ownership can turn into something terrible and turn people against each other. D. â€Å"She sat down and opened the box. Inside were letters, clippings, photographs, a pair of earrings a little gold signet ring and a watch chain braided of hair and tipped with gold swivels†¦ For a long time she held the box, looking over it, and her fingers disturbed the letters and then lined them up again†¦ And at last she made up her mind†¦ She took a letter from an envelope and dropped the trinkets in the envelope.She folded the envelope and put it in her dress pocket†¦ She lifted the stove lid and laid the box gently am ong the coals. Quickly the heat browned the paper†¦ She replaced the stove lid and instantly the fire sighed up and breather over the box† (pg. 108, Chapter 10). The significance of this passage is it shows the reader how it’s so hard for the Joad’s to just give up all their belongings and leave. This relates to the story as a whole because it show’s how during the dust bowl you had to give up a lot if you wanted to survive. E. â€Å"I know, Ma. I’m a-tryin’.But them deputies- Did you ever see a deputy that didn’ have a fat ass? An’ they waggle their ass an’ flop their gun aroun’. Ma,’ he said, ‘if it was the law they was workin’ with, why, we could take it. But it ain’t the law. They’re a-workin’ away at our spirits. They’re a-tryin’ to make us cringe an’ crawl like a whipped bitch. They tryin’ to break us. Why, Jesus Christ, Ma, they comes a time when the on’y way a fella can keep his decency is by takin’ a sock at a cop. They’re workin’ on our decency† (pg. 278-279, Chapter 20). The significance of this passage is it shows how even the law was corrupt do to greediness.The deputies were corrupt so they could eat, feed their family and feel powerful. This passage relates to the work as a whole because it shows how people change once hunger and stable living comes into play. The people who have nothing are honest and look out for each other while people who have something do everything in their power to keep it, even if that means corrupting what’s right. Part 2: Plot, Setting, Themes and Vocabulary 3. Tom Joad- A young man, the favorite child of the Joad family. Tom went to jail for killing a man at a bar fight, but he got put on parole after 4 years in prison for his good record.He doesn’t regret what he did, he even says he’d do it again if he had to. Tom is the one who guides his family throughout the book, acting as the protector of the family. 4. Tom’s purpose in the story was to lead the Joad family to California and to make sure he could do everything in his well-being to make living possible for him and his family. Tom is a dynamic character, he changes when there are different people around. He knows when he needs to keeps pushing or when he needs to stop. 5. Tom is related to the majority of the other characters.Toms relationship with Casy is that they met when Tom was searching for his family, and they helped each other out because they knew what each other was going through. Tom and Floyd are very similar in that they want they same thing, they want to do good for their family. Tom was the once who suggested that Ivy and Sairy Wilson travel with the Joads. Muley Graves- A former neighbor of the Joads. Helped Tom find his family when he first got out of jail. Muley got evicted from his house just like the Joads but he could ’t leave the land, his family left him for California. 4.Muley’s function in the story was to help Tom find his family when he got out of jail and went back home. Muley was a static character who just showed his anger towards the bankers and Willy. 5. Muley was the Joad’s neighbor back in Oklahoma, and used to go to church where Casy was the preacher. Ma Joad- Ma Joad is the mother of the Joad family, she’s the one who is trying to keep the family together throughout the whole book. She takes on all her motherly duties without the blink of an eye. She is tough and won’t get pushed around easily but doesn’t know when not to speak up when she is getting pushed around. . Ma’s purpose in the story was to hold the family together and be strong when no one else could. She helped the family stay together though all the tough times. Ma was a dynamic character who changes a lot throughout the story. She was very quiet at the being of the story but once the story progressed she got more vocal and outspoken. 5. Ma is the mother of all the Joad family. She used to bring the Joad’s to the church that Casy used to preach at. The Wilson’s helped Ma out by sharing the food they had with the whole Joad family.Pa Joad- The tenant farmer who got evicted from his farm, the father of the Joad family and married to Ma Joad. Once he got evicted he focused on getting the family to California. Once they got to California Pa wasn’t able to find work and became weaker than Ma and became desperate. 4. Pa’s purpose was to help the family get to California and find work once they got there. Since Pa didn’t find work, he helped Ma out. Pa is a static character who doesn’t change much during the book. 5. Pa is the father of the Joad father and went to the church that Cast used to preacher at.Pa helped any way he could with the Wilson’s car when it was broken-down. Jim Casy- Jim was a former prea cher until he gave it up because he got to thinking that ‘the sperit’ he believed in so much was just love, and the other spirit wasn’t in him anymore. He goes along with the Joad family to California but before he could find a job he got arrested to protect Tom during a fight between laborers and a deputy from the California police. During the trip to California he helps the Joad family out a lot by praying for both Granma and Granpa Joad when they passed. 4.Casy’s purpose in the story was to the Joad family by praying when it needed to be done like at Granma and Granpa Joad’s deaths. Casy was a dynamic character because at the beginning of the story he was alone because he didn’t want to preach anymore but as the story moved on he preached when he had to and he also saved Tom and Floyd by giving himself in. 5. Jim Casy used to the preacher that the Joad family used to go to, he baptized Tom when he was younger. Casy helped Floyd out by givi ng himself up instead of letting Tom and Floyd take the blame. Casy was the preacher of Muley’s family too.Noah Joad- The first born of the Joad family. He was deformed at birth because Pa panicked during the delivery and tried to pull him out. He felt that he wasn’t as loved as the other Joad children so he left the family at a stream near the California border, saying he was better off there. 4. Noah’s purpose in the story was to help the family get to California. Noah could be both a dynamic or a static character because throughout the whole story he didn’t change much but at the river he took a bold step and left the family. 5. Noah was the oldest son of the Joad family, who used to go see Casy preach.Noah never met Floyd and Muley used to be his neighbor. Rose of Sharon (Rosasharn)- the oldest daughter in the Joad family who is married to Connie. She journeys to California with Connie and the Joad family while being pregnant. The couple imagines how life will be once they get to California but once reality hits Connie abandons her during their first stop in California, and her baby is born dead. 4. Rose of Sharon’s purpose in the book was to be strong when so many bad things happen in life all at once. Rose of Sharon showed how you had to be mature and strong even though live was tough.Rose of Sharon was a dynamic character because at first she was love struck but then she started acting immature and babyish. But by the end of the book she matured and was a strong woman. 5. Rose of Sharon was the oldest daughter in the Joad family. She used to be preached by Jim Casy and was married the Connie. Ivy and Sairy Wilson were friends while they traveled together. Connie- He is Rose of Sharon’s husband who has unrealistic dreams with his wife. He dreams too much and soon abandons Rose of Sharon to go study tractors and to hopefully get paid 3 dollars and hour. His leaving surprises only Rose of Sharon. . Connie’s purpose in the story was to leave the Joad family to show how stress, depression and money can really move some people. Connie was also a dynamic character because he was ‘in love’ with Rose of Sharon for the whole story until they got to California and reality hit that getting a job was harder than they both thought. Connie left the Joad family in hopes that he would be able to make 3 dollars a day back in Oklahoma. 5. Connie was married to Rose of Sharon making him a brother in-law and son in-law of the Joad family. Casy was just an acquaintance of Connie. Connie never met Muley or Floyd.Granma Joad- Granma loved having Casy around because she was a Christian. She too loved to torment Granpa Joad just like he did her. Once Granpa died she started to slowly die herself, she dies right after the Joad family reaches California. 4. Granma’s purpose in the story was to show even though she was dying the family never left her behind because she was family. Granma was static character because while Granpa was alive all they did was rise hell with each other but once he didn’t she got sick and didn’t talk or do much. 5. Granma Joad was the mother of Pa and the Granma of the Joad children.She loved Casy because she was a devoted Christian and he was a preacher. Granma Joad appreciated the help of the Wilson’s during Granpa’s death. Granma never met Floyd. Granpa Joad- He was the one who ran the Indian’s off of the land to make the Joad farm possible, is now old and feeble. He loves to torment his wife and family. He is connected to the land and didn’t want to leave it for California, but Tom drugged him to get him to come. On their first stop along the journey Granpa dies of a stroke, most likely a heat stroke. 4. Granpa’s purpose in the story was to show his love for the land was stronger that anything else.Once he left the land he got sick and died. Granpa was a dynamic character because during th e whole story he would just rise hell for the whole family but then once he was about to die he broke down and started crying. 5. Granpa Joad was the father of Pa and the Granpa of the Joad children. Granpa like Casy because he would pray for his wife. Granpa Joad never really met the Wilson’s but they helped him out tremendously by giving him a tent to die in. Granpa never met Floyd and was the neighbor of Muley. Al Joad- 16-year old son of the Joad family. His main interest is in girls and cars.He was responsible for the whole family on the long voyage to California because the car was his responsibility. If something happened to the car it would have been his fault, resulting in the suffering of his family. He looks up to Tom throughout the book, but soon becomes his own man. He falls in love with Agnes Wainwright while working and stays with her instead of leaving with his family. 4. Al’s purpose in the story was to help keep the car running on their journey to Cal ifornia. Al made sure the car kept running all the way to California and made sure it never broke down.Al was a dynamic character because he was some what immature at the beginning of the story but he ended up acting very mature by the end of the story. He was idolized Tom, but soon grew up to be his own man. 5. Al was the middle son of the Joad family. He helped Floyd fix his car before they had to flee the Hooverville. Al helped the Wilson’s by fixing their car too. Casy made sure Al wasn’t around when he got arrested so their wouldn’t be any connection to Tom. Ivy and Sairy Wilson- The Joads met the Wilson’s on their first night stop on their journey to California.Both of the Wilson’s were sweet and nice, they lent their tent to the Joad’s so that Granpa Joad would have a comfortable place to die. To return the favor Al and Tom fixed their broken-down car, and then they two families decided to travel to California together. During the jou rney their car break down again and Al and Tom fix it again but before they can move on the Wilson’s said they couldn’t move on because of Sairy’s health. 4. The Wilson’s purpose in the story was to help the Joad family by sharing their food and their car with them. The Wilson’s showed the reader that even during these tough times people could still be nice.The Wilson’s were static characters always being helpful but knew because of Sairy’s health they would eventually have to stop. 5. The Wilson’s relationship with the Joad family was they helped each other out, they were friends. The Wilson’s liked Casy because before the Joad’s left the Wilson’s Casy prayed for Sairy even though he didn’t want to. The Wilson’s never met Muley or Floyd. Uncle John- Pa’s brother who is crazy, stringy and mean. John is filled with guilt and shame because years ago he didn’t get a doctor for his 4 month pregnant wife who complained of stomach pains and died the day after from a ruptured appendix.He blames himself for her death and because of it his loneliness cuts him off from people and his appetite. 4. Uncle John’s purpose in the story was to help out in any way he could but to also show selfishness when he got depressed. Uncle John was a static character because throughout the whole story he just felt guilty and ashamed of what he did so long ago. 5. Uncle John was Pa’s brother and the Uncle of the Joad family. He talked to Casy about his sins a few times and appreciated the advice of Casy. Uncle John was the neighbor of Muley and never really met Floyd.Ruthie Joad- The sencond and youngest Joad daughter who has almost a twin-like relationship with her younger brother Winfield. During the book they do almost everything together, they feed off of each other’s energy. 4. Ruthie’s purpose in the story was to help out Ma in any way she could and so me what look after Winfield whenever they were together. Ruthie was a dynamic character because at the beginning of the story she acted fearless but during the story we found out she was only fearless with Winfield by her side. She also acted immaturely and didn’t think things through before she spoke. 5.Ruthie was the youngest daughter of the Joad family and used to be preacher by Casy. The Wilson’s were companions of hers, Muley was her old neighbor and she never really met Floyd. Winfield Joad- He is the youngest Joad at the age of ten. He does everything with Ruthie. 4. Winfield’s purpose was to help Ma out in any way he could. Winfield was the youngest child in the story and had to grow up during these tough times making it hard to act like normal ten year-old. Winfield was a static character because he was just a child throughout the whole story. 5. Winfield was the youngest child of the Joad family.He traveled with the Wilson’s and Casy but never t alked out associated with them much. Muley used to be Winfield’s neighbor and he never really met Floyd. Floyd Knowles- A migrant worker who Tom meets at the first Hooverville. He gives Tom word on a job up north. His outspokenness gets him into an argument with a deputy where Casy gets arrested for him and Tom’s sake. 4. Floyd’s purpose in the book was to help the Joad’s find work and to work with Tom in making labor unions. Floyd was a dynamic character because he seemed go know when to stop talked when he first got introduced but once the deputy came into the story he was outspoken. . Floyd helped the Joad family out by giving them word on work up north. Casy gave himself in for Floyd and Tom. Floyd never met the Wilson’s or Muley. Part 3: Plot, Setting, Themes and Vocabulary 6. The central settings of the story were in Oklahoma and California. The significance of Oklahoma was that was where the whole story started. Oklahoma was were the Joad fa mily grew up but they got evicted from their house. Oklahoma got changed while they were living there. Granpa Joad stole the land and then the land got stolen from him but the Bank Company.Oklahoma was not there home anymore so they moved on to California. California was described as beautiful land with plenty of jobs available. But once they reached California they learned that the land was beautiful but the people who owned it were not. California was dirty land because of the people who ran it. California wasn’t what the Joad’s expected and they wanted to change that, and Tom eventually did. 7. The exposition of Grapes of Wrath is Tom gets paroled out of jail and goes to find his family. He finds out both his family and his Uncle got evicted from their homes so they travel to California for work.The main conflict throughout the whole book is the drought of the Dust Bowl, which results in hundreds of families getting evicted from their homes and being forced to move west. The Joad family was one of those hundreds of families who had to move. The rising action in the story is the journey of the Joad family to California. Once in California the Joad family has a hard time finding work, and at the first Hooverville get into an argument with a local deputy, resulting in Casy getting arrested. The family lives at a government camp for a while but then move on to find work.One night there was a strike at an orchard and Tom finds Casy there. Casy gets murdered by one of the policeman that was trying to stop the strike. In response, Tom kills the policeman in spite, which is the climax of the story. Tom becomes an outlaw and has to hide from the world to protect his family. In the end Tom ends up running, leaving the rest of his family to escape and be free, which is the resolution of the story. 8. The major themes presented in the work are Bad treatment of the migrant workers, also known as the Okies; the Survival of Kinship and Growth and Maturity.Ba d treatment of the migrant workers in one of the major themes in the Grapes of Wrath because all of the Okies looking for work would be smaller wages and would have to live in Hoovervilles. The workers barely made it by because of how badly they were being treated and paid but the California police and land owners. An example of this would be how the first deputy treated Floyd and Tom because they were outspoken. The Survival of Kinship is also another major theme in the Grapes of Wrath because Ma tries to keep the family together no matter what. During the Dust Bowl all you could count on was your family, no one else.Family is the only thing the Okies really had left, so they would do anything in there power to stay together. An example of keeping the family together would be when Tom had to knock Uncle John out to have him move up north with the rest of the family. Growth and Maturity was also a major theme in the Grapes of Wrath. Every character grew and matured during the story, showing the reader that the only why they would be able to keep living would be to grow up and become mature. An example would be how Rose of Sharon matured after her baby was a still born. 9.Emulsion- a mixture of mutually insoluble liquids in which one is dispersed in droplets throughout the other; a light-sensitive coating on photographic film or paper. â€Å"Now the dust was evenly mixed with the air, an emulsion of dust and air† (pg. 3, Chapter 1). Insinuation- to imply in a subtle, indirect, or artful way â€Å"His voice had the same quality of secrecy and insinuation his eyes had† (pg. 8, Chapter 2). Judiciously- having, exercising, or characterized by sound judgement â€Å"The driver squinted judiciously ahead and built up the speed of the truck a little† (pg. 8, Chapter 2). Auger- a tool for boring †¦ and sometimes they drove big earth augers into the ground for soil tests† (pg. 31, Chapter 5). Beseech- to beg urgently â€Å"He did not know or own or trust or beseech the land† (pg. 35, Chapter 5). Leanto- A shed with a single-pitch roof attached to the side of a building; A shelter made from planks or branches raised in the front on poles. â€Å"Joad paused at the entrance to the tool-shed leanto, an no tools were there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 40, Chapter 6). Petulant- Unreasonably irritable or ill tempered; peevish. â€Å"†¦ the mouth held tight and small, the little eyes half scowling, half petulant† (pg. 45, Chapter 5).Peddler- One who peddles for a living, a hawker; also called â€Å"packman†. â€Å"She aimed to go for that peddler with the ax†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 48, Chapter 5). Boils- A painful swelling of the skin and subcutaneous tissue with a hard pus-filled center, caused by bacterial infection, usually occurring at a hair follicle. â€Å"Look out for boils on that jackrabbit† (pg. 50, Chapter 5). Blazoned- To paint or depict (a coat of arms) with accurate heraldic detail; to adorn or embellish with or as if with blazons; to announce publicly; proclaim loudly and widely â€Å"†¦ the garages with blazoned signs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 61, Chapter 5). Jalopy- An old, dilapidated car. Get ‘em out in a jalopy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 61, Chapter 6). Heifer- A young cow, especially one that has not yet given birth to a calf. â€Å"Well, one day he takes a heifer over to Graves’ bull† (pg. 70, Chapter 7). Meerchaum- A claylike material consisting of hydrated magnesium silicate; A tobacco pipe with the bowl made from this. â€Å"Over old Tom’s unwhiskered cheek bones the skin was as brown as meerschaum†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 71, Chapter 8). Citadel- A fortress, typically on high ground, protecting or dominating a city. â€Å"She seemed to know, to accept, to welcome her position, the citadel of the family†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg. 74, Chapter 8).Jabbering- talk rapidly and excitedly but with little sense; fast, excited talk that makes little sense. â₠¬Å"All over the State, jabbering in the Hoovervilles† (pg. 237, Chapter 19). 10. A). Why were the deputies corrupting the law and treating the Okies unfairly? B). What the importance of keeping the family together even though Tom killed another man and was on the run from the law? C). Did Rose of Sharon do any real sin that would result in her having a still born baby? D). Was it right of Casy to give himself up for Tom, just so he could get in trouble with the law again? E). What was the outcome of the Dust Bowl? Grapes of Wrath Steven Messner November 1, 2012 Changes Along the Road John Steinbeck’s book, The Grapes of Wrath, shows the audience future changes in America, namely the coming Industrial Revolution, and the conflict between the locals and the Okies. These themes are supported by subplots of desperation, hunger, and the upcoming change in America. These subplots are particularly highlighted and illustrated in chapters 11 and 21. Steinbeck begins chapter 11 with a metaphor illustrating the coming change in the United States.The Industrial Revolution was coming and Steinbeck used this metaphor to show how machines would change the way the farmers lived their life. Steinbeck used this chapter not only for a picture of their vacant homes but as future inference for the coming times of disconnect between farmers and their land. â€Å"So easy that the wonder goes out of work, so efficient that the wonder goes out of the land and working it, and with the wonder the deep understanding and the rela tion† (115) Farming, to Steinbeck, was not just a way that crops were produced, but a lifestyle.Steinbeck understood that the little things mattered to farmers and their industry. Things like the way that land was worked from generation to generation, the care and dedication that were put into the seasonal turning of the soil, and rotating the crops to make sure the land stayed well. All these things were, for the farmer, not simply for this short benefit, but supported his long term goals. His love for the land caused the land to love him back. Steinbeck understood this relationship between the farmers and the land.The coming Industrial Revolution would change this relationship between farmers and their land. The way of life for these farmers was changing before their very eyes. The dedication and care that farmers once needed would be swept away. â€Å"And in the tractor man there grows the contempt that comes only to a stranger who has little understand and no relationâ₠¬  (115) Steinbeck is touching on the idea that once the farming industry is revolutionized, there would no longer be a need for small family farmers. When the industry is revolutionized, large companies would be able to farm great amounts of land.They would be able to mass produce crops, with little concern for quality, and ultimately, the quality of the soil itself would deplete. â€Å"When the corrugated iron doors are shut, he goes home, and his home is not the land. † (116) The revolution would not treat the land as sacred, and the close relationship between farmers and their land would be over. In chapter 21 Steinbeck once again illustrates his larger themes using the â€Å"migrants† and the changes they undergo during their journey. He uses the migrant’s story to further illustrate his negative feelings towards big industry.In this chapter, he moves along in time to show how big industry is taking away from the country as a whole. Steinbeck opens the cha pter by comparing the farmers who started this journey across the country and the migrants who are on the same journey now. The journey has changed these people before their very own eyes. This was a change that the â€Å"Okies† had to make no matter what. These people experienced being hungry for the first time, seeing their children go hungry and not be able to do anything about it. This would undoubtedly change a man forever. Change did indeed occur.The Okies grew angry and mean towards the locals. The local people lived in fear of the Okies. The locals knew that there was nothing on this earth that could keep the Okies away from their food and land. This began to ferment a problem between the locals and the Okies. â€Å"When there was work for a man, ten men fought for it- fought with a low wage. † (283) This illustrated the fact that one Okie would seemingly always charge less to work than another in order to keep a job. When there are ten men fighting for the job , the wages go from 25 cents to just working for food.This was beneficial for the owner because wages stayed so low. The Okies didn’t believe their circumstances could become any worse; however they would soon find out how wrong they were. They had no idea of the upcoming problems they would face with the large canneries. â€Å"And when the peaches were ripe he cut the price of fruit below the cost of raising it. And as cannery owner he paid himself a low price for the fruit and kept the price of canned goods up and took his profit. † (283-284) This was a dramatic economic challenge for the Okies.I believe at this point they realize things would never get back to the old ways. The way they lived their lives would be forever different. They were forced back on the road, and back to search for food. â€Å"The great companies did not know that the line between hunger and anger is a thin line† (284) â€Å"On the highways the people moved like ants and searched for work, for food. And the anger began to ferment† (284) Steinbeck points towards his feeling that big industry ruined the life of these people forever. The changes that Steinbeck illustrates are not just temporary, but permanent and life changing.These changes in industry would change the way the entire nation functions. The way people are used to living would be revolutionized. The people who aren’t ready to accept this change or are unaware how to accept these changes would be left behind. When looking back at both of these chapters, and understanding the negative changes, we see some irony in the way Steinbeck structured this book. These small chapters, in between the longer ones, gave Steinbeck a chance to not only give setting, but also to express his opinions of the current state of events though his metaphors.He used the small chapters of 11 and 21 to depict a scene the Okies were fleeing. They were leaving Oklahoma with the hope that California would somehow save them. â€Å"I like to think how nice it's gonna be, maybe, in California. Never cold. An' fruit ever'place, an' people just bein' in the nicest places, little white houses in among the orange trees. I wonder–that is, if we can all get jobs an' all work–maybe we can get one of them little white houses. An' the little fellas go out an' pick oranges right off the tree. † (91)The Okies believe they would find an area of California that would allow them to get back to their old ways of farming, and sadly, this simply would not happen. The Okies were running to a hopeful scene, while this hopeful scene was running from them. â€Å"Wonder if we'll ever get in a place where folks can live ‘thout fightin' hard scrabble an' rocks. I seen pitchers of a country flat an' green, an' with little houses like Ma says, white. Ma got her heart set on a white house. Get to thinkin' they ain't no such country. I seen pitchers like that. â€Å"Pa said, â€Å"Wait till we get to California.You'll see nice country then. â€Å"Jesus Christ, Pa! This here is California. † (204) They begin to realize, there really is nowhere left to run. In conclusion, I believe that in Chapters 11 and 21 the Joads were used as a metaphor for America. The Joads, like much of America, were not ready to accept the upcoming changes, and they were not prepared to deal with the disasters they had along the way. Ultimately, their journey was unsuccessful. They lost members of their family, animals, and friends. The Joads, like much of America, had lost their entire way of life.